AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2014| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2014
LOGIC AND
PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks:
100
Pass Marks:
30
Time: Three
hours
The figures
in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
1. Give very short answer: 1x12=12
a) “In an inductive inference the
conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.” Is it false?
Ans. It is
true.
b) Find out the correct answer:
In analogy, we pass from particular to
general/particular to particular/general to particular/general to general.
Ans. In
analogy we pass from particular to particular.
c) In which of the following kinds of
induction, there is no inductive leap?
1)
Scientific induction.
2)
Analogy.
3)
Perfect induction.
4)
Unscientific induction.
Ans.
Perfect induction
d) “The ground of induction is itself a
result of induction.” – Who did say this statement?
Ans. Mill said
this!
e) Which of the following is not a
condition of correct observation?
1)
The observer must be intellectually
sound.
2)
The observer must be impartial.
3)
The observer must use artificial
instruments.
4)
The observer must have sound mind and
body.
Ans.
The observation must use of artificial instruments.
f) State any one condition of a
legitimate hypothesis.
Ans.
Hypothesis must be verifiable.
g) Fill in the blank: Hypothesis is a Provisional supposition.
h) Name the experimental method which is
based on the following canon of elimination:
“Whatever antecedent can be left out,
without prejudice to the effect, can be not part of the cause.”
Ans. Method of
agreement
i) Give an example of primary quality.
Ans. Size is
primary quality.
j) Who is the author of “An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding”?
Ans:-
John Locke.
k) Which of the following is an object of
moral judgement?
1)
Random action.
2)
Habitual action.
3)
Instinctive action.
4)
Actions of children.
Ans.
Habitual action
l) What is the meaning of the word
‘Mores’?
Ans. Habit is
the meaning of Mores.
2. Define scientific induction with suitable
example. 1+1=2
Ans. Scientific induction is the establishment of
a general real proposition, based on observation of particular instances in
reliance on the principle of the uniformity of nature and the law of causation.
Example: all mean are mortal.
3. State two points of difference between
scientific induction and unscientific induction. 2
Ans. Scientific Induction: Scientific induction is
the establishment of a general real proposition, based on observation of
particular instances, in reliance on the principle of the uniformity of nature
and the law of causation.
Unscientific Induction: Unscientific
induction is the establishment of a general real proposition on the ground of
more uniformed uncontradicted experience without any attempt at explaining of
causal connection.
4. Define good analogy with suitable example. 1+1=2
Ans. A good analogy is one which a conclusion is
draw from the presence of essential resemblance between two things. For
example: Mars resemblance the earth in beings planet.
5. What do you mean by paradox of induction? 2
Ans. Mills’s contradictory statement regarding the
principle of the uniformity of Nature is known as the paradox of Induction. It
simple means that the ground of induction is itself the result of induction.
Mills calls it a fundamental principal or general axiom of induction and an
assumption implied in every case of induction. It is the ground of all kind of
induction.
6. How many forms of uniformity of nature are
there and what are they? 2
Ans. There are two forms of uniformity of nature.
These are –
1)
Uniformity of succession.
2)
Uniformity of coexistence.
Or
Distinguish
between agent and patient with the help of suitable example. 2
Ans.
The thing acting is said to be the agent. Agents are those which act for
example if a glowing match stick is thrown to a heap of straw there is fire.
Here glowing match stick in agent.
7. Briefly explain conjunction of cause with
the help of suitable example. 2
Ans. The acting together of several causes
producing a joint effect is called conjunction of success! For example: Hydrogen
and Oxygen are mixed to together in certain proportion and electric current
passed, the joint effect is water!
Or
Distinguish
between plurality of causes and conjunction of causes. 2
Ans.
The doctrine of plurality of causes means that the some effect may be produced
by different causes in different cases. For example: light may be produced by
the sun, the moon, the starts, by electricity etc on the other hand, the acting
together of several causes, producing a join effect, is called conjunction of causes.
For example – Hydrogen the oxygen is mixed together in certain proportion and
an electric current passed. The joint effect is water!
8. Mention any two qualitative marks of
causation. 2
Ans. According to the law of conservation of
Matter and Energy, the causes are equal to the effect. Because, the total
quantity of matter and energy in the word is constant. It can neither increase
nor decease though it may change in from. So far as matter is concerned, the
effect is identical with the cause, only the form may be different. When a
certain quantity of Oxygen is combined with a certain quantity of Hydrogen to
from water, the from is changed but the weight of water is equal to the weight
of substance combined again, so far as energy is concerned the quantity of
energy is equal to the causes. For example: when a moving body its motion it
appears that the energy is lost but actually, it is converted into another
energy viz. Heat so, it follows that quantitatively causes is equal to the
effect!
9. State any two advantages of observation
over experiment. 2
Ans. (1) Firstly, observation can be applied
universally and has a wider scope then experiment. There are certain
phenomenon’s which cannot be artificially reproduced. They are beyond our
control, e.g. eclipse or earthquake. Again, there are certain phenomenon’s
which are two dangerous to experiment with. In such cases, we have to fall back
on observation and wait until the phenomenon makes its appearance in the
ordinary course of nature. Thus the range of observation is wider than that of
experiment!
(2) Observation precedes experiment is
possible only when some knowledge already has been acquired by observation. But
by previous observation unless we know that we are to expect, adequate
proportion are not possible.
10. Give such a concrete example of the method of agreement where we proceed
from cause to effect. 2
11. Why are the inductive methods called
‘methods of elimination’? 2
Ans. Elimination means the exclusion of accidental
circumstance. The function of inductive methods is purely negative. They are
concerned merely with the exclusion of accidental and irrelevant circumstance.
To prove a causal connection, accidental circumstances are eliminated in order.
That accidental circumstance may be brought out and determined so; the
inductive methods are called ‘Methods of Elimination’.
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