AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2015| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2015
LOGIC AND
PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks:
100
Pass Marks:
30
Time: Three
hours
The figures
in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
1. Give very short answer: 1x12=12
a) “The premises of an inductive
inference offer certainty for the truth of the conclusion.” – Is it true?
Ans. No
b) Which of the following statement is
true?
i. The
law of causation is a material ground of induction.
ii. Observation
and the law of causation are the formal grounds induction.
iii. Observation
and experiment are the formal grounds of induction.
iv. None
of the above statements is true.
Ans. None of
the above statements is true.
c) “Observation is finding a fact and
experiment is making one.” – Who did say this statement?
Ans. Bain.
d) Which one of the following statement
is incorrect?
i. Observation
is a perception with a definite purpose in view.
ii. Observation
is a perception of natural events.
iii. Observation
is not a perception of events under natural conditions.
iv. In
observation, the natural events are not fully under the control of the observer.
Ans.
Observation is not a perception of events under natural conditions.
e) Which is the last stage of hypothesis
suggested by Mill’s definition hypothesis?
Ans.
Verification
f) What is the meaning of the condition
of ‘testability’ of a valid hypothesis?
Ans. It means
that the hypothesis must be such that it can be proved either to be true or to
be false.
g) “When heat is applied to ice, then ice
melts. When heat is not applied to ice, then ice does not melt. Therefore, heat
is the cause of the melting of ice.”
Name the experimental method employed in the
above argument.
Ans. The
method of concomitant variation
h) “The possibility of the doctrine of
the plurality of causes cannot frustrate the method of agreement.” – Is it
correct?
Ans. No it is
not correct.
i) Who among the following philosophers
is not an idealist?
i. Berkeley.
ii. G.E.
Moore.
iii. Bradley.
Ans. G.E.
Moore
j) Name the philosopher associated with
the statement – “Thought and Reality are at bottom identical”.
Ans. Hegel
k) What is the meaning of the Latin word
‘Religare’?
Ans. The word
Religare means ‘bond’.
l) Mention any one similarity between
Religion and Morality.
Ans. Religion:
Religion is the knowledge possessed by the finite mind of its nature as
absolute mind.
Morality:
Moral obligation and responsibility lead to the idea of god.
2. State two points of difference between
deduction and induction. 1x2=2
Ans. The difference between deduction and
induction are as follows:
Logicians
classify inference into deduction and induction:
1)
In Deduction the premises are assumed
to be true, while in Induction the premises are derived from experience.
2)
Deduction aims merely at formal truth
while Induction aims at formal and material truth. In Deduction the question is
whether the conclusion follows necessarily from the gives premises. But in
Induction there is further question whether the conclusion is true as a matter of
fact.
3)
In Deduction the conclusion cannot be
more general than the premises. But in deduction the conclusion is always more
general than the premises.
4)
Deduction is descending process.
3. Define bad analogy with suitable example. 1+1=2
Ans. A bad analogy is one, in which the conclusion
is drawn from superficial points of resemblance. For example plants, like men,
have birth, growth and decay and death. Men possess intelligence therefore
planets also possess intelligence. This is a bad analogy because there is no
essential connection between the points of resemblance and the inferred
property.
4. State any two characteristics of analogy. 2
Ans. Characteristics of Analogy are as follows –
a)
Analogy is not based on causal
connections. So its conclusion is probable and not certain.
b)
Analogy is based on resemblance of
certain properties between two things. This resemblance or similarity is
imperfect.
5. Define material cause with an example. 1+1=2
Ans. The material or substance from which a thing
is made is called the material cause. For example –
6. Briefly explain any one criticism against
Mill’s paradox of induction. 2
Ans. Mill’s
contradictory statement regarding the principle of the uniformity of nature is
known as the paradox inductions. It simple means that the ground of Induction
is itself the result of induction. Mills Calls it a fundamental principle or
general axiom of Induction and an assumption implied in every case of Induction.
It is the ground of all kinds of Induction.
Or
Why
Mill’s paradox of induction is said to commit the fallacy of petition principia
or fallacy or arguing in a circle?
Ans. Mill’s contradictory statement regarding the
principle of the uniformity of nature is known as the paradox inductions. It
simple means that the ground of Induction is itself the result of induction.
Mills Calls it a fundamental principle or general axiom of Induction and an
assumption implied in every case of Induction. It is the ground of all kinds of
Induction.
7. What do you mean by a working hypothesis? 2
Ans. Sometimes it may be that there is some
phenomenon to be explained but it is of such an unfamiliar kind that we are not
able to make any supposition at all as to its cause or low of operation. But
some provisional supposition is necessary in order that we may study its nature
and attributes in such case we take the help of working hypothesis.
8. Briefly explain any one condition of a
valid hypothesis with the help of a suitable example. 2
Ans. The conditions of valid hypothesis are as
follows:
1)
The hypothesis must not be self
contradictory or absurd but should be conceivable and finite.
2)
The hypothesis must be free from
conflict with establish truths that means the supposition should not violate a
law of which we have positive evidence.
9. Why do some logicians regard the method of
agreement as a method of single agreement? 2
Ans.
The two advantages of the method of
agreement are:
a)
The method of agreement enables us to
proceed from the cause to the effect and from the effect to the cause. As This
method is a method of observation. So we can move from cause to its effect and
from effect to its cause to find out the causal connection.
b)
In any scientific enquiry the method
of agreement helps to frame hypothesis relating to causal connection.
10. Give a concrete example of joint method of
agreement and difference. 2
Ans:- A concrete example of the joint method of
agreement and difference are as follows:
Malaria is present in the places where
there are anopheles mosquitoes. Again in the places where there are no
anopheles mosquitoes, malaria is absent. Therefore on the basis of this
observation we can conclude that anopheles mosquito is the cause of Malaria.
In the joint method of agreement and
difference we find agreement or presence of the positive instances and
agreement of absence of the negative instances. By this double method of
agreement of absence and presence cause effect relation is established.
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