AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2016| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2016
LOGIC AND
PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks:
100
Pass Marks:
30
Time: Three
hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks
for the questions.
1. (a) Which of the following statement is correct?
1)
Induction is concerned only with
formal truth.
2)
Induction is a process of
generalization.
3)
The conclusion of an induction follows
necessarily from its premises.
Ans.
Induction is process of generalization.
(b)
In which of the following kinds of Induction there is inductive leap.
1)
Perfect Induction.
2)
Analogy.
3)
Colligation of facts.
4)
Induction of parity of reasoning.
Ans.
Analogy.
(c)
All men are ‘religious” – Is this proposition analytic or synthetic?
Ans:
Synthetic.
(d)
“Cause and effect are events in time” – Is it quantitative mark of causation.
Ans:
Yes.
(e)
Which of the following statement is correct?
1)
Experiment is finding a fact and
observation is making one.
2)
In an experiment, one cannot pass from
the effect to the cause.
3)
Observation succeeds experiment.
Ans.
In an experiment, one cannot pass from the effect to cause.
(f)
Fill in the blank:
Mill’s
paradox of induction is said to commit the fallacy of Post Hog Ergo Proter Hog.
(g)
Which of the following is correct?
1)
Direct verification of a hypothesis
can be done by observation.
2)
Direct verification of a hypothesis
can be done by observation or experiment.
3)
Direct verification of a hypothesis
can be done by experiment only.
Ans: Direct verification of a hypothesis can
be done by observation or experiment.
(h)
Does the method of residues require pervious knowledge of the cause or effect
for its application?
Ans:-
Yes.
(i)
Name the experimental method which is based on the following canon:
“Nothing
is the cause of a phenomenon which is known to be the cause of a different
phenomenon”
Ans:
The Method of difference.
(j)
The method of agreement is a method of experiment and the method of difference
is a method of observation” – Is it correct?
Ans:
Correct.
(k)
Who did introduce the “theory of Pre-established harmony”?
Ans: Gottfried Leibniz.
(l)
Who is regard as the father of modern philosophy?
Ans:
Rene Descartes.
2. State any two similarities between
Scientific Induction and Unscientific Induction.
Ans. Scientific induction established a general
real proposition based on observation of particular instances reliance in the
principle of uniformity of nature and law of causation. For example – All man
are mortal.
Unscientific induction establishment
of general real proposition on the basis of merely uniform or uncontradicted
experience without any attempt to explaining causal connection For example –
All crows are black.
The two similarities between scientific and
unscientific induction are –
a)
Both scientific and unscientific
induction established a general real proposition.
b)
Both scientific and unscientific based
on observation of fact.
The two dissimilarities between scientific
and unscientific induction are –
a)
Scientific induction based on two
kinds of observation that is simple observation and experiment. But
unscientific induction based on only simple observation.
b)
The process of scientific induction is
complex. But the process of unscientific induction is simple.
3. Define analogy with suitable
example?
Ans. Analogy is a kind of inference in which on
the basis of observation of resemblance in some particular properties between
two things. Analogy does not conclusively prove a causal connection but is most
fruitful source of hypothesis. When we find two things resemble each other in
certain attributes we frame hypothesis that they will possible resemble each
other.
For example: We find that the Earth and
the Planet mass resemble each other possessing similar kind of land, water
atmosphere etc. suppose we find that the plant mass resemble earth in being
inhabitant by living creatures.
4. Define efficient cause with an
example?
Ans. Efficient Cause: The labour, skill energy
spent in making a thing is called efficient cause. For example skill we over
applies to the material in making cloth is the efficient cause of the effect.
5. Briefly explain positive condition
with the help of a suitable example?
Ans.
Condition means any necessary factor of cause. There are two types of condition
–
1)
Positive condition.
2)
Negative condition.
Positive condition: The condition which helps to produce the
effect is called positive condition. For example: A labour falls from the roof
of a home and dies. The highnesses of the roof, hardness of the soil, get hurt
in chest are the positive conditions. Because in presence these conditions
event must be occur.
Negative condition: The condition which tends to prevent the
effect is called negative condition. For example: A labour fall from the roof
of a home and dies this physical strength, getting anybody’s help and his
proper treatment are negative conditions. These negative condition must be
absent in order that they effect may be produced.
6. What is crucial instance?
Ans. Crucial Instance: A crucial instance is an
instance which can only be explained by one of the contending hypothesis and
not with other hypothesis. It may be obtained by simple observation and
experiment.
7. Briefly explain any one condition
of a valid hypothesis with the help of a suitable example?
Ans: The hypothesis must be free from conflict
with the establishment of truth. This means that the opposition should not
violate a law for which we have positive evidence.
8. What do you mean by analogical
hypothesis?
Ans. Analogical hypothesis means a hypothesis that
what is true in one set of phenomenon may be true in the other set of
phenomenon, both sets possess the common certain formal properties. For
example: Maxwell established his electromagnetic theory on basis of resemblance
between gravitation and electrostatics.
9. Why are the inductive method called
‘Method of Elimination’?
Ans. Elimination means exclusion of accidental
circumstances. The inductive method is purely negative. They are concerned
merely with exclusion of irrelevant and accidental circumstances. To prove a
accidental circumstances may be brought out and determined. So the inductive
method called the method of elimination.
10. What do you mean by realism?
Ans. Realism believes in the reality of external
objects independent of the knowing mind. There are two forms of realism – Naïve
realism and scientific realism.
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