AHSEC| CLASS 12| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2020| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2020
Sociology
Times: 3 hours
Full marks: 100
1. Answer the following questions: 1x12=12
(a) What do
you mean by dependency ratio?
Ans:
Dependency ratio is a measure that compares the share of the population made up
of dependents i.e., elderly people,
(b) Write the
full form of AIDS.
Ans: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
(c) Write the
name of the smallest tribe in terms of population in India.
Ans: Andamanese.
(d) What is
the meaning of ‘Laissez-Faire'?
Ans:
Laissez-faire is a French phrase meaning 'leave it alone' or 'let it be'. Adam
Smith supported the idea of a free market.
(e) Who first
coined the concept of 'Status Symbol's?
Ans: Max Weber.
(f) Write the
sociological meaning of 'Minority Group'.
Ans: The
concept of minority usually includes a sense of relative disadvantage. Minority
usually means a relatively small but also disadvantaged group.
(g) When did
Tea cultivation start in India?
Ans: 1837.
(h) Who first
coined the concept of "Sanskritization'?
Ans: M. N. Srinivas.
(i) What is
‘Ryotwari System"?
Ans: The
word "Ryotwari" is derived from the Telugu word 'Raiyat', which means
cultivator.
(j) What do
you mean by 'Green Revolution'?
Ans: Green
Revolution was a government program of agricultural modernization. It was
largely funded by international agencies based on hybrid seeds with pesticides,
fertilizers etc.
(k) Who was
the leader of Jharkhand movement?
Ans: Birsha Munda.
(l) Where did
the Tebhaga Movement held in?
Ans: 1946.
2. Mention two impacts of colonialism on caste
institution of India. 2
Ans: The two impacts of colonialism on the caste
institution of India are as follows:
(i) Under
British rule, untouchables and low caste Indians enjoyed an improvement in
their social status. For example, with wealth and education, they could pass as
members of the upper castes from a distant region.
(ii) The
traditional Indian society began to break down in the western class system. An
emerging strong middle class with a high sense of Indian nationalism evolved
out of the caste system, which allowed men from the lower castes to ascend to
higher positions and positions of power that were previously closed to them.
3. What are the names designated by Mahatma Gandhi on Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribes? 2
Ans: Untouchables are known by various names. Gandhi
called them 'Harijans' (children of God).
The
pre-untouchable communities and their leaders coined the term 'Dalit' which has
now become a generally accepted term in reference to the untouchables. The term
came into widespread use during the caste riots in Mumbai in the early 1970s.
4. Write the difference between social demography and
Formal demography. 2
Ans: Formal demography is the systematic approach to
study population whereas social demography is the newer approach. Formal
demography is narrow because it does not study the social characteristics that
affect a population, but social demography is broad because it also analyzes
those social characteristics in the study of the population.
5. What are the types of Kinship System? 2
Ans: Kinship is divided into two major types.
These are:
(i) Affinal
Kinship
(ii) Homologous
kinship.
Or
Write two
characteristics of social class.
Ans:
Characteristics of Social Class:
(i) It refers
to social stratification.
(ii) It also
shows social status.
6. Why inequality and exclusion is called social? 2
Ans: It is true that hard work counts and so does
individual ability. First, social inequality and exclusion are social because
they are not about individuals but about groups. Second, they are social in the
sense that they are not economic, however, there is usually a strong link
between social and economic inequality.
7. Who are Dalits? 2
Ans: Broadly speaking, the 'Untouchables' of the
Hindu caste system are officially known as Scheduled Castes. The castes of this
category are also called Harijans, Lord M.K. Gandhi in 1933. However, the word
Harijan has now acquired a synonymous meaning. The members of these castes like
to be called dalits, oppressed.
8. Write the names of two Regional Parties of India. 2
Ans: DMK and Shiv Sena.
Or
Write the two
factors for emergence of regionalism.
Ans: The
two factors for emergence of regionalism are:-
(i) Geographical
Component
(ii) Historico -
Cultural Component,
9. Mention the names of any two leaders associated with
their social reform organization of India. 2
Ans: B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi.
10. What do you mean by "Structural Change? 2
Ans: The changes that take place in our social
relations and social institutions are known as structural changes. Changes in
family, marriage etc. are also a part of structural change.
11. Write two characteristics of Democracy. 2
Ans: Democracy has two
characteristics:
(i) To take
decisions by surrender of majority and minority in implementing them.
(ii) Dominance
of motivating, coordinating and compromising methods, non-violence,
non-violence, non-violence.
12. What is the meaning of Liberalisation? 2
Ans: Liberalization is a process by which the state
control over economic activities is relaxed and the market forces are left to
decide. Liberalization includes policies like privatization of public sector
enterprises, loosening of government. Regulation on capital, labour, trade etc.
13. Write the difference between social change and social
mobility. 2
Ans: Social change creates community-based responses
that address underlying social problems at an individual, institutional,
community, national and international level. Social change can change
attitudes, attitudes, laws, poetry and institutions for the better, reflecting
the values of inclusion, fairness, diversity and opportunity. Social change
involves the collective action of the individual who is closest to the social
problems to solve the social problems.
But social
mobility refers to the ability to change status within a social stratification
system. When people improve or decrease their economic status in a way that
affects the social class, they experience social mobility.
14. Write a note on Population Policy of India. 4
Ans: Following are some of the demographic
achievements of India:
(i) India
reduced the birth rate from 40.8 in 1951 to 24,1 in 2004.
(ii) India
reduced the infant mortality rate from 146 per 1000 live births in 1951 to 58
per 1000 live births in 2004.
(iii) The death
rate of crude oil decreased from 25 in 1951 to 7.5 in 2004.
(iv) Life
expectancy increased from 37 years to 62 years.
(v) The total
fertility rate fell from 6.0 in 1951 to 3.0 in 2004.
15. What is Demography? Write about the importance of
study of social demography. 1+3=4
Ans: 'Demography' is a combination of two Greek
words, 'demo' meaning people and 'graphy' meaning science. Thus, demography is
the science of people. In the mid-nineteenth century, in 1855, the term
'demographics' was used for the first time by a French writer, Achille Gillard.
Although the
term "population studies" is more popular, the term 'demographics' is
in wider use these days. It is considered to be an important topic which is
able to throw light on the nature of population education.
Scope of
Demographics:
The scope of
demographics is very wide. It involves the subject of demography, is it a micro
or a macro study? science or art? These are complex questions about the scope
of demographics, about which the authors are not unanimous on demographics. We
discuss them as follows:
(i) Subject
of Demography: The subject of demography has become very broad in recent
years.
The study of
demography includes the following:
(a)
Population size and shape: Generally, population size generally means the
total number of individuals living in a certain area at a given point of time.
(b) Aspects
related to birth rate and death rate: Birth rate and death rate are the
deciding factors that affect the size and shape of a population and hence their
importance in population studies.
(c)
Composition and Density of Population: The study of population structure
and density is important in the subject of demography.
(ii)
Distribution of Population:
Population
study includes the following:
(a) How are
people distributed between and within continents, world regions and developed
and underdeveloped countries?
(b) How do their
numbers and ratios change?
(c) What
political, social and economic factors bring about changes in the distribution
of population.
(iii)
Theoretical Models: Population studies have broad theoretical aspects
including various theories of population and theories of migration and
urbanization propounded by sociologists, biologists, demographers and
economists.
(iv)
Practical Aspects: The practical aspects of population studies are related
to various methods of measuring population change such as census methods, age
pyramid, population estimation etc.
16. Analyse market as a Social Institution. 4
Ans: Sociologists read markets as social
establishments that square measure made in culturally specific ways in which.
for instance, markets square measure typically controlled or organized by
specific social teams or categories and have specific ties to different
establishments, social processes, and structures. so, the market may be a
social establishment.
It is a financial
set-up during which the costs of resources square measure determined on the
premise of provide and demand. In follow most countries have some limits on the
liberty of the market. free enterprise is that the main feature of a free
enterprise. free enterprise as an establishment may be a product of the
economic Revolution. this kind of economic organization is outlined by
non-public possession and management of the economic means that of production.
to arrange economic activities to earn profit. A market structure that controls
this activity. Appropriation of profits by the house owners of capital.
Provision of labor by staff WHO square measure free agents. With the event of
manufacture free enterprise has developed and swollen to dominate economic
life, though some options were to be found within the business sphere of
pre-industrial European economy.
Or
Write on the
Constitutional measures taken by the Government for the welfare of Scheduled
Tribes.
Ans: For
the welfare of the tribal people, especially after independence, the Government
of India has taken various steps, which have already changed the socio economic
and political status of the tribal people. The constitution provided
reservation policy for the upliftment of the tribes. Under the reservation
policy, seats were reserved not only in government jobs but also in educational
institutions. Also, relaxation was provided in terms of cut off marks and upper
age limit giving opportunity to the tribal people. They have also been provided
attractive scholarship facility. In addition, the government reserved posts and
seats in Panchayati Raj institutions through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment
Act.
17. Write about the functions of family. 4
Ans: Some important social functions of the family
are:
(i) It regulates
sexual relations.
(ii) It
transfers the culture from one generation to another.
(iii) The family
acts as the principal agency of social control.
Or
Write the
characteristics of Tribe.
Ans: (i)
The tribal people did not follow the religion with the written text.
(ii) The
tribals did not have the usual type of state or political organization.
(iii) The
tribals had no caste and were neither Hindus nor farmers.
(iv) The
tribals lived in different geographical locations and followed natural
lifestyle according to the geographical location.
18. What do you mean by ethnic identity? Mention the
factors for emergence of ethnic identity. 1+3=4
Ans: Ethnic identity is
defined as a sense of belonging based on one's ancestry, cultural heritage,
values, traditions, customs and often language and religion. Following are the
factors leading to the emergence of ethnic identity:
(i) Family
affiliations,
(ii) Language,
(iii) community,
(iv) ethnic
pride,
(v) Engaging in
cultural activities and traditions.
19. Write briefly on the role of colonialism in the
emergence of new market. 4
Ans: The advent of colonialism in India caused great
upheaval in the economy, causing disruption in production, trade and
agriculture. A good example is the decline of the handloom industry due to the
introduction of cheap manufactured fabrics from England. before the
colonization of the British. India was a major supplier of manufactured goods
to the market. But after colonization, India became a source of raw materials
and rather than a supplier, it became a consumer of manufactured goods mainly
for the benefit of the industrialization of England. Taking advantage of the
changing economic scenario during the colonial period, many new merchant
communities emerged and maintained economic power even after independence. A
good example of this process is the Marwari community. It was during the
colonial period that the Marwaris became a successful trading community.
20. What is Communalism? What are the causes of emergence
of Communalism? 1+3=4
Ans: Communalism is nothing
but an ideology that tries to encourage religious views of one religion among
people and who are completely against the views of other religious groups.
Following are
the causes of communal emergency:
(a) legacy of
the past
(b) Presence of
communal parties,
(c) Segregation
of Muslims.
(d) poverty,
(e) Hindu
Nationalism,
(f) social
causes,
(g) communalization
of politics,
(h) cross-border
factor,
(i) Failure of
the government.
21. What is National Integration? Discuss the disruptive
factors for building National Integration of India. 1+3=4
Ans: National integration is the awareness of a common
identity among the citizens of a country. This means that although we belong to
different races, religions and regions and speak different languages, we
recognize the fact that we are all one.
(a) Economic Inequalities: Economic
inequalities are creating obstacles in our national integration. There are some
people in our country who do not have daily bread. Conversely some have so much
money that they don't know how to spend it. This type of economic inequality is
harmful to our democracy.
(b) Lack of
competent leadership: Competent leadership is essential for national
integration, as it is an able leader who can eliminate the disruptive forces
and bring people on the right path. We lack skilled leaders. Now there are very
few leaders who are acceptable to the whole country.
(c) Social
inequalities: We are facing social inequalities due to caste system,
economic inequalities and different religions. People of different castes,
classes and religions think about their separate society and in festivals and
some celebrations they want to keep themselves apart from others.
(d) Lack of
proper education: Education plays a very important role in national
integration. But the present system of education is not conducive to national
integration. Our education was originally organized by the British. The same
may not be appropriate today. There have been some changes in education after
independence, but they are not enough.
22. Write a note on the Tea industry of Assam. 4
Ans: The Assam industry is the largest tea industry
in India and the second largest in the world after China. There are about 2500
small tea gardens and the total production of tea in Assam in 2009 was 500
million kg, while in 2008 the state produced 487 million kg of tea.
The tea trade in
province is concerning 172 years recent. It occupies a crucial place and plays
a awfully helpful role within the economy. parliamentarian Bruce discovered tea
plants growing wild within the higher Brahmaputra River vale in 1823.
A garden was
started by the govt in 1833 within the then Lakhimpur district. With the
arrival of fine quality tea from this garden to London in 1938, the city's
industrial circle took a keen interest within the tea gardens of province and
in 1839 shaped an organization referred to as the province Company to handle
the experimental holdings Gone. By that point the Malay Archipelago Company's
administration had gone over the tea gardens established in province. it had
been the primary company in India to provide tea commercially and was, in fact,
an on the spot successor of the Malay Archipelago Company.
The web site at
Nazira became a forest-free site and remained the headquarters of the corporate
till it had been stirred to Kolkata in 1965. The official incorporation of this
company took impact in 1845. However, this company didn't get a lot of
prosperity throughout this era. the primary 10 years of its existence. By
concerning 1852, beneath the management of St. George Williamson, one among the
good pioneers in garden management, its scenario began to enhance, and its
success created the prospect of the trade thus promising and remunerative that
speculators turned to that.
Or
How
Westernization brings about social change in India? Explain. 4
Ans: The
impact of westernization on Indian society is wide and far-reaching. The
process of westernization itself indicates the changes in the Indian society in
the form of western influence. M.N. Srinivas defined Westernization as "a
term encompassing changes in Indian society and culture as a result of more
than 150 years of British rule at various levels, technologies, institutions,
ideologies and values". The way of thinking and living of Indians changed
as a result of westernization. As a result of English education Indians came to
know about the struggle for freedom and equality in America in Europe. Apart
from this, westernization also affected Indian art and literature. Artists like
Ravi Varma, Bankim Chandra etc. were influenced by western style and technique.
A part of all
this, westernization multiplied the process of industrialization, urbanization
and secularisation.
23. Mention four characteristics of globalisation. 4
Ans: (i) The process of globalization is more
economic than political and social. It actually means growing economic
inter-relationships across the world.
(ii) The only
force behind the process of globalization is scientific and technological
development which has happened in a very short span of time. Globalization is
fuelled by the rapidity of communication such as the Internet, mobile phones,
satellite TV games.
(iii)
Globalization calls for liberalization of national trade so that there can be
free flow of capital and goods and technology. Therefore, globalization calls
for an impartial policy of laissez-faire.
(iv)
Privatization is another important feature of globalization. Globalization
requires competition in the market, which attempts to sell government companies
to private firms to increase their economy and efficiency. Thus, globalization
involves the policy of disinvestment.
24. What do you mean by Panchayati Raj System? Discuss
the power and responsibilities of Panchayati Raj System in India. 1+5=6
Ans: Panchayati Raj is the system of democratic
decentralisation – which aims of taking democracy to the grassroot level.
Constitutionally
Panchayats should be given the power and authority to function as institutions
of local self-government. The following powers and responsibilities were
entrusted to the Panchayats.
(i) To prepare
plans and plans for economic development.
(ii) Promote
schemes promoting social justice
(iii) levy and
collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, tees, etc.
(iv) To help
in devolution of government responsibilities.
As a unit of
local self-government, the Panchayat has to bear certain social welfare
responsibilities.
Some such
responsibilities are:-
(i) Kindling
and maintenance of the graveyard.
(ii) Recording
the status of births and deaths.
(iii)
Promotion of family planning.
(iv)
Establishment of child welfare centres.
25. What is Land Reform? Discuss the Land reform policy
before and after independence of India.
1+5=6
Ans: Agricultural land is the most important resource
in the rural society. But it is not distributed equally among the people living
in a particular village or area. In fact, the distribution of land holdings
among households is highly unequal in most areas. In most regions of India,
women are generally excluded from land ownership due to the prevailing
patrilineal kinship system. In most areas of India, the dominant landlocked
group are the upper castes. In many areas of India, formerly 'untouchable'
castes were not allowed to own their land. Under these circumstances, land
reforms become necessary to provide land ownership to marginalized backward
castes and clans.
Impact of Land
Reforms on Indian Agriculture:
The abolition of
the zamindari system resulted in the weakening of the high authority of the
zamindars as well as their economic and political power in most areas. This law
eventually strengthened the position of de facto landholders and tenants at the
local level.
Under the Land
Ceiling Act, the state was entrusted with the power to occupy additional land
near each household and redistribute it to landless families of Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
As a result of
the initiatives there, the agricultural structure changed significantly,
although it is still highly uneven.
26. What is mass media? Discuss the role of mass media in
society. 1+5=6
Ans: Mass media refers to the means of communication
that reach a mass audience. Thus mass media includes television, newspapers,
films, magazines, radio, CDs etc.
Role of media
in society:
The word 'media'
is derived from the word medium, which means mode or carrier. The purpose of
media is to reach and address a large target group or audience. The term was
first used in relation to books and newspapers.
With the advent
of print media and technology, media have now included television, movies,
radio and the Internet. In today's world, media has become as important as our
everyday need. Today's media is playing an excellent role in forming and
shaping public opinion and strengthening the society.
Media is the
sword of democracy. Media acts as a watchdog to protect public interest from
malpractices and to create public awareness. Today when politicians are taking
full advantage of their positions, the wicked nexus of mafia and crime
syndicate is making the life of common man miserable, tax payers money is
snatched, above all, for the personal benefit of influential and common people.
Audience media is a big responsibility.
As the fourth
pillar of democracy along with judiciary, executive and legislature, today's
media has a wider role to play against injustice, oppression, misdeeds and
favoritism of our society.
Media has been
an integral part of human civilization since ancient times. From the days of
Vedas and Upanishads to the orders of kings and emperors like Chandragupta,
Ashoka to medieval Indian public meetings to modern audio video and print
media, media has always played a vital role in shaping our society. In the days
of freedom struggle, newspapers like Tilak's Maratha, Mahatmaji's Yuva Bharat
acted as a platform to put forth the demands of the common Indian and express
consolation with the freedom fighters. In the post-independence era, Indian
media has grown at an unprecedented rate and today comprises over 50,000
newspapers, hundreds of television and radio channels.
27. Write briefly on one tribal movement and one
ecological movement of India.
3+3=6
Ans: Basically, the tribal movement in India is an
account of tribals' fight against interference in their livelihood, culture,
religion and ethos by tribal feudalism or British imperialism. Rebellion by the
tribals mainly refers to the opposition to the changes imposed on them in terms
of rent, way of livelihood, forest land.
Other movements also reflect the
demand for autonomy of the tribals and separate administrative units. The
expansionist, repressive and exploitative policies of the princely states and
the British Company in general were at the root of all these conflicts. The
revolts of the Kol, Bhil, Ahom, Santhal, Naga, Singpo, Gond tribes are some of
the major rebellions.
Causes of Tribal Movements in
India:
Forest was an
essential component for the existence and survival of the tribals. However, the
entry of non-tribals into the forest for settled agriculture completely
disturbed the lives of the tribal communities. Hunting, gathering, fishing and
sustainable agriculture were the main occupations of the tribals.
The tribals also
used forest products to build temporary settlements in the forests. But, with
the establishment of the Forest Department in 1864, the Government Forest Act
in 1865 and the Indian Forest Act in 1878, the government monopoly on forest
land was established. The tribal community was denied their rights related to
the forest. The new system created tension in the tribal society, which led to
the birth of tribal movements in India.
Chipko movement
is a good example of ecological movement in the foothills of Himalayas. In this
movement villagers joined together some oak and rhododendron forests near their
villages. When Govt. A large number of villagers including women, forest
contractors who came to cut the trees, hugged the trees to save them from
falling. Actually, the Hindi word chipko means long. Thus, the villagers saved
the forest on which the villagers depended for firewood, fodder and other daily
necessities. Thus, the question of cutting trees was really a question of the
essence of the villagers. Therefore, the Chipko movement pitted the livelihood
needs of poor villagers against the government's desire to generate revenue by
selling wood. The movement also raised the issue of ecological sustainability.
Deforestation was a form of environmental destruction that resulted in
devastating floods and landslides in the region. Moreover, this Chipko movement
also expressed the displeasure of the hill villagers against a distant
government headquarters in the plains, which is quite indifferent to their
concerns.
Thus, the Chipko
movement outlined economic, ecological and political concerns.
Or
Write about
the Women's movement in independent India. 6
Ans:
Women's organization developed at the national and local level in the early
20th century. Women's India Association (WIA, 1917), All India Women's
Conference (AIWC, 1926), National Council for Women in India (NCWI 1925) etc.
are some of the prominent women's organizations of that period. Although many
of these organizations were limited in the beginning, their scope expanded over
time. However, many sociologists believe that this period of activity did not
constitute a social movement, often holding that only educated middle-class
women joined the social movement. Women along with men participated in various
agricultural sectors like Tebhaga and Telangana movement. Thus, before
independence women took an active part in various movements.
The women's
movement in India was renewed in the mid-1970s. Some call it the second phase
of the Indian women's movement. A characteristic feature of the women's movements
of this period was that these movements were autonomous or independent of
political parties. It is worth mentioning here that earlier women's movements
were associated with political parties. There new movements focused on new
issues like violence against women, land rights issues, sexual harassment and
dowry etc.
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