AHSEC| CLASS 12| EDUCATION| CHAPTER - 1| DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN INDIA & ASSAM| SOLVED QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARK EACH| H.S. 2ND YEAR
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN INDIA & ASSAM
Solved questions for 5 mark each:
(A) Answer the
followings:
1. Discuss about the defect of secondary education as pointed out by Mudaliar Commission. Exam paper - 2015, 2016
Ans: The
demerits of secondary education system are:
(i) The
prevailing system of Indian secondary education is narrow and one-sided. It has
failed to train the overall personality of the students.
(ii) The
education imparted in our schools is disconnected from life, while the
curriculum designed and presented through traditional methods of teaching do
not give students an insight into the everyday world, they are living in.
(iii) Until
relatively recently, English was both the medium of instruction and a
compulsory subject of study.
(iv) The method
of teaching generally practiced failed to instil in the student independence of
thought and initiative in action.
(v) The increase
in the size of classes has greatly reduced the personal contact between
teachers and students.
2. Describe the aims of education as suggested by secondary education commission. Exam paper - 2016
Ans: The
Secondary Education Commission 1952-53 recommended the following for the
purposes of education:
(a)
Development of democratic citizenship: India can be a democratic republic
if the citizens uphold and practice the values of discipline, tolerance,
patriotism, co-operation, equality in thought, speech and writing. The essence
of world citizenship is inculcated and developed through education. According
to the Mudaliar Commission the schools should maintain and develop all these
qualities in the students. Citizens with these qualities can become ideal
citizens capable of making democracy a success.
(b) Improving
Vocational Ability and Efficiency: Craft and productive work should be
given due emphasis in all secondary schools. This can be achieved through
diversification of courses of study at the secondary level. Students can take
up agriculture or some other technical or vocational course to increase the
productive capacity of the country.
(c)
Development of personality: The aim of secondary education should be the
development of the personality of the students. The creative energy in the
students should find proper expression. They should find constructive and
valuable interest. They should be trained to preserve and protect their
cultural heritage.
(d) Education
for leadership: Secondary education should provide education for
leadership. The students should also be trained to be able to assume leadership
responsibilities in various spheres of life such as social, cultural,
political, industrial etc.
3. Discuss
the objectives of education given by the Kothari Commission.
Ans:
The Kothari Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1964 to
prepare a national plan of education, and to advise on general principles and
policies for the development of education in India in all aspects. The
commission submitted its report on 30 June 1966. The report is very voluminous
and includes detailed analysis of all aspects of education at various stages.
(i) The most
important and urgent need for reform in education is to relate and change the
lives, needs and aspirations of the people and thus make it a powerful
instrument of social, economic and cultural change. For this purpose, education
should be developed so as to enhance the process of modernization and inculcate
social, moral and spiritual values.
(ii) Science
should be the most important subject at school and university level to link
education with productivity.
(iii) Another
objective is to bring together different classes and groups by establishing
common schools and introducing compulsory social and national service and
common schools at every level to be opened to all students irrespective of
caste, creed, religion, economic status Needed Etcetera. These schools should
not charge any fees.
(iv) Emphasizing
the importance of inculcating fundamental, social, moral and spiritual values,
the commission recommended spiritual education in all types of educational
institutions.
4. Briefly
describe the structure of education recommended by the Education
Commission-1964.
Ans: The
new educational structure includes:
One or three
years of pre-school education (Class ABC)
Four or two
years of lower primary education (Class HV)
Three or two
years of upper primary education (Classes V-VII)
Three or two
years of lower secondary education (Classes VIII-X)
Two Year Senior
Secondary Level (Class XI-XII)
Three-year
degree courses followed by different duration courses for higher studies:
(i) The age of
entry in class I should not be less than 6 plus.
(ii) The first
public examination will come after class X.
(iii) The system
of streaming in general education schools from class IX should be abandoned and
no attempt at specialization should be made after class X.
(iv) Secondary
schools should be of two types, high schools offering a ten-year course and
higher secondary schools offering a twelve-year course.
(v) Efforts
should not be made to convert all the High Schools to the Higher Secondary
pattern. Only the big and skilled ones should be promoted.
(vi) A new
higher secondary course should be introduced starting from class XI. Classes XI
and XII should provide for specialized study in various subjects.
(vii) The
pre-university course should be transferred to the colleges and schools
affiliated to the university and the duration should be extended to two years
by 1985-86.
The duration of
the first degree should not be less than three years and the duration of the
second degree should not be less than two or three years.
5. Write
about the suggestions made by the Education Commission-1964 for
vocationalisation of secondary education?
Ans:
The new education policy emphasized on the commercialization of education. As
far as possible, education should be given in the national environment. The
child must acquire some skill in some area of his interest. This is necessary
for a happy life in future. In view of this, in this new education policy, it
has been advocated to include scientific and technical subjects in the
curriculum. The policy specifically states that not more than 50 per cent
students should opt for literacy in class X and the rest should be encouraged
to study various vocational courses as per their interest. This type of
commercialization of education will reduce the problem of unemployment, because
then the educated person will not depend only on some service and will be able
to use the acquired skills to earn his bread.
6. Write
about five important features of National Education Policy-1986.
Ans: The
main features included in the New Education Policy of 1986 are:
(i) Role of
Education: Education develops manpower for different levels of the economy.
It is also the base for research and development, being the ultimate guarantee
of national self-reliance. Education is an investment in the present and the
future. This principle is the key to the National Education Policy.
(ii) Early
Childhood Care and Education: In the National Education Policy, the term
Early Childhood Care and Education has been used in place of pre-primary or
nursery education. The National Education Policy emphasizes on the holistic nature
of child development such as nutrition, health and social, mental, physical,
moral and emotional development. Early childhood care and education will
receive high priority and be suitably integrated with the Integrated Child
Development Services program wherever possible.
(iii)
Non-Formal Education: A large and systematic program of non-formal
education will be launched for school drop-outs, out-of-school children,
working children and girls. Attend full day schools. Modern technological aids
will be used to improve the learning environment of non-formal education
centres.
Talented and
dedicated young men and women from the local community will be selected to
serve as trainers and special attention will be paid to their training. All
necessary measures will be taken to ensure that the quality of non-formal
education is comparable with that of formal education and the government will
take full responsibility for this important section. In the new education
policy, top priority will be given to solve the problems of children who drop
out of school.
(iv)
Vocationalisation of education the new education policy emphasized on
vocationalisation of education. As far as possible, education should be given
in the national environment. The child must acquire some skill in some area of
his interest. This is necessary for a happy life in future. In view of this, in
this new education policy, it has been advocated to include scientific and
technical subjects in the curriculum. The policy specifically states that not more
than 50 per cent students should opt for literacy in class X and the rest
should be encouraged to study various vocational courses as per their interest.
This type of commercialization of education will reduce the problem of
unemployment, because then the educated person will not depend only on some
service and will be able to use the acquired skills to earn his bread.
(v)
De-linking of degrees from jobs: De-linking of degrees from jobs will be
introduced in selected sectors. If the requirement of a degree to get a job is
removed, many youths will automatically be turned away from pursuing higher
education. Thus, the crowd of candidates seeking admission in colleges and
universities will reduce. In fact, the degree should not be considered a
pre-requisite for a job which is not directly related to it. In many foreign
countries, a degree is not considered a prerequisite for getting a job.
Delinking will be implemented in services for which university degree is not an
essential qualification. But in our country degree has been made mandatory for
job.
7. Briefly
discuss the trend of development of secondary education in Assam.
Ans:
The expansion of secondary education since independence has been remarkable for
several reasons. The passing of the Elementary Education Act of 1977 with a
provision to introduce compulsory education in gradual stages and generous
grant-in-aid by the government helped in rapid development of the education
aspect.
The Government of
Assam also adopted a plan for reorganization. of secondary education as
envisaged in the report of the Secondary Education Commission. Under the scheme
of development of High School and Higher Secondary and Multipurpose School, the
Government of Assam developed 6 schools into multipurpose schools and 4 schools
into higher secondary schools during the year 1956-57. In the next year 9
schools were developed into higher secondary and 16 schools were developed into
multipurpose schools in the state. The figures were 22 and 23 respectively in
1960–61, when the Assam government made arrangements to bring 25,000 students
in the 11–14 age group under secondary education. In addition, 12 schools with
provisions for education in both humanities and sciences are proposed to be
converted into higher secondary schools during the Third Five Year Plan.
8. Discuss about the problems of secondary Education Board of Assam. Exam paper - 2014
Ans: Some
of the important problems of secondary education in Assam are as follows:
(i) Lack of
mass appeal: Secondary education does not have mass appeal. We have given
priority to primary education as well as higher education. But secondary
education has not been given proper attention.
(ii) Lack of
adequate resources or finance is the biggest constraint in the field of
secondary education in Assam. The financial allocation for secondary education
is not adequate. Hence, it poses a challenge to our educational planners as
they have to work under the increasing numbers and limited resources available
for the same. In such a situation, its quality remains poor.
(iii)
Unplanned expansion: Unplanned expansion is another important problem of
secondary education in Assam. Now primary education has lost its functional
value and the social demand for secondary education is increasing. Government
and private agencies tried to meet the social demand for secondary education by
opening more and more schools. Many of these schools were allowed to function
at substandard levels, leading to dilution of standards.
(iv)
Unsuitable Curriculum: The secondary school curriculum is not suitable to
meet the needs of the students as well as the society. The curriculum of
secondary education is not related to the real and practical life of the
students. They follow the syllabus mechanically without interest.
(v) Defective
teaching methods: We will not find dynamic methods followed in any
secondary school. The average teacher suffers from a lack of professional
preparation. The current education system is rigid and does not encourage
initiative, creativity and experimentation.
(vi)
Defective Text Books: The quality of text books, teacher guides and
teaching materials is not satisfactory.
(vii)
Improper Evaluation System: The evaluation system of secondary education is
not free from evil. It is basically the dominance of external examination.
(viii) Lack
of Competent Teacher: The quality of teaching material in the schools is
not satisfactory. The situation is alarming in many privately run schools.
9. Discuss
the functions of secondary education in Assam.
Ans: Powers
and Functions of the Board:
(i) The Board
shall frame the curriculum for secondary and senior secondary education.
(ii)
Examinations will be conducted on the basis of this syllabus.
(iii) Those who
have completed their course shall be permitted to appear in the examination. If
anyone violates the rules, he will be punished.
(iv) Results
will be declared.
(v) Certificates
will be issued to those who succeed in the examination.
(vi) The rules
and regulations of admission and examination including fee structure will be
decided by the Board.
(vii) The
provision of scholarship and award will be decided and distributed by the
board.
(viii) Selection
and preparation and publication of text books and reference books will be the
responsibility of the Board.
(ix) The Board
shall frame rules and regulations for recognition of High Schools and Higher
Secondary Schools. In case of need, the Board has the power to de-recognise the
schools.
(x) The rules
and regulations laid down by the Board should be followed by the schools. If
any school violates or does not follow it, it will be punished.
(xi) The Board
will examine and study the problems of secondary education.
10. What
are the provisions in National Education Policy 1986 to provide equality in
education.
Ans: The
main features included in the New Education Policy of 1986 are:
(i) Role of
Education: Education develops manpower for different levels of the economy.
It is also the base for research and development, being the ultimate guarantee
of national self-reliance. Education is an investment in the present and the
future. This principle is the key to the National Education Policy.
(ii) Early
Childhood Care and Education: In the National Education Policy, the term
Early Childhood Care and Education has been used in place of pre-primary or
nursery education. The National Education Policy emphasizes on the holistic
nature of child development such as nutrition, health and social, mental,
physical, moral and emotional development. Early childhood care and education
will receive high priority and be suitably integrated with the Integrated Child
Development Services program wherever possible.
(iii)
Non-Formal Education: A large and systematic program of non-formal
education will be launched for school drop-outs, out-of-school children,
working children and girls who cannot attend school for the whole day. Modern
technological aids will be used to improve the learning environment of
non-formal education centres. Talented and dedicated young men and women from
the local community will be selected to serve as trainers and special attention
will be paid to their training. All necessary measures will be taken to ensure
that the quality of non-formal education is comparable with that of formal
education and the government will take full responsibility for this important
section. In the new education policy, top priority will be given to solve the
problems of children who drop out of school.
(iv)
Vocationalisation of education the new education policy emphasized on
vocationalisation of education. As far as possible education should be given in
national atmosphere. The child must acquire some skill in some area of his
interest. This is necessary for a happy life in future. In view of this, in
this new education policy, it has been advocated to include scientific and
technical subjects in the curriculum. The policy specifically states that not
more than 50 per cent students should opt for literacy in class X and the rest
should be encouraged to study various vocational courses as per their interest.
This type of commercialization of education will reduce the problem of
unemployment, because then the educated person is only dependent on some
service and can use the acquired skills to earn his bread.
(v)
De-linking of degrees from jobs: De-linking of degrees from jobs will be
introduced in selected sectors. If the requirement of a degree to get a job is
removed, many youths will automatically be turned away from pursuing higher
education. Thus, the crowd of candidates seeking admission in colleges and
universities will reduce. In fact, the degree should not be considered a
pre-requisite for a job which is not directly related to it. In many foreign
countries, a degree is not considered a prerequisite for getting a job.
Delinking will be implemented in services for which university degree is not an
essential qualification. But in our country degree has been made mandatory for
job.
11.
Describe the powers and functions of the Board of Secondary Education, Assam.
Ans:
(a) The Board will prepare the syllabus for secondary and senior secondary
education.
(b) Based on the
syllabus the Board will conduct the examination and declare the result.
(c) Formulation
of principles for recognition of schools.
(d) Making rules
related to admission and examination and determining the fees of the students.
(e) Provide
certificates to the students who pass the examination.
12. Explain
the formation of the Board of Secondary Education, Assam.
Ans:
Formation of Board of Secondary Education:
(i) Chairman
(Director of the members of the public institution)
(ii) ex officio
members (eight)
(iii) Members to
be nominated by the Government (nine)
(iv) Co-opted
members (not more than three members from amongst distinguished academicians.)
(v) an officer of
the Government as ex-officio Secretary of the Board.
13. What
are the suggestions made by the Kothari Commission to strengthen social and
national integration?
Ans: The
modes suggested by the Kothari commission to strengthen the social and national
integration are as follows-
“India is a
country of diverse culture. Therefore, it should be designed in such a way that
it becomes an effective means of social and national integration. A common
school system of public education, NCC and National Service programs should be
encouraged. achieve the objective. Development of a proper language policy with
Hindi as the national language, regional language or mother tongue and English-
should be studied in the school. Only then national consciousness can be
fostered.
14. What
suggestions have been given by the Kothari Commission for the development of
values in education?
Ans: The
suggestion given by the Kothari Commission in this regard is as follows-
Development of
social, moral and spiritual values is essential for physical and mental development
for all round development of personality. Secularism should be followed in
India and no religious instruction should be given in schools. Instead, more
education should be given for character building of young students,
15. Sum up the suggestions forwarded by N.P.C. regarding secondary education. Exam paper - 2015
Ans:
Secondary education begins by exposing students to the differentiated roles of
the sciences, humanities. and social science. It is also an appropriate stage
for children who are terminal on the one hand and preparing for higher studies
on the other. Vocationalization can be done through specialized institutions or
through a redesign of secondary education. At this level, provide per man
valuable for economic development. The commission recommended.
(a) The program
is being widened to ensure access to secondary education to cover unreserved
areas.
(b) Program of
consolidation in other areas.
(c) Program for
establishment of Navodaya Vidyalaya.
16. N.P.C.
Discuss the suggestions forwarded by Regarding elementary education.
Ans: NPC
has given some suggestions regarding elementary education which are as follows
-
Universal
enrollment and universal retention of children up to the age of 14 and
subsequent improvement in the quality of education. A child-centred and
activity-based process of learning should be adopted at the primary stage.
17. Discuss
the impact of Kothari Commission on secondary education in Assam.
Ans:
Based on the recommendation of the Kothari Commission, the Government of Assam
constituted the Assam Council of Higher Secondary Education in 1984. As a
result, all responsibilities of higher secondary education were transferred
from the Board of Secondary Education of Assam to the Assam Council of Higher
Secondary Education., These councils have the power of preparation and
publication of text books, syllabus formulation and management of examination.
In the year 1986, a new education policy was prepared. Based on this policy, a
Navodaya Vidyalaya was established in each district of Assam for the
development of secondary education among the meritorious children of the
village level.
Power and
Duties:
(i) To lay down
the curriculum, syllabus and courses of instructions for the higher secondary
level which may be imparted in a college/higher secondary school.
(ii) to hold
examinations on the basis of such courses.
(iii) To demand
and receive such fee as may be prescribed by regulations.
(iv) to publish
the results of its examination.
(v) To award
certificates to the students who pass the examination.
18. What
has been the impact of the new National Policy on Education, 1986 on secondary
education in Assam?
Ans:
New Education Policy or National Education Policy made in 1986. This policy of
education wants to bring innovation in all aspects of education. Main features
of the policy will be the role of education, equality of education, women's
education, education of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and education of
other backward classes, adult education, early childhood care and education,
primary education, non-formal education, secondary Education, Vocationalisation
of education, Higher education, Delinking open university degrees from jobs,
Rural universities, Technical and management education, Emphasis on learning,
Value education, Preservation of culture, Science education, Education and
environment, Sports and physical education, Educational Technology, Media,
Management Education, Operation Blackboard and Navodaya Vidyalaya.
(i) The secondary
education system of Assam was developed on the basis of the recommendation of
the New Education Policy of 1986.
(ii) Open
Schools, Open Universities and Directorate of Distance Education were
established in Assam for the expansion of distance education.
(iii) Government
of Assam established an open university and named it Krishnakant Handik State
Open University in Gauhati in 2007.
(iv) The
Secondary Education Act of Assam was passed in 1961.
(v) The Assam
Council of Higher Secondary Education was established in 1984.
19. Suggest
some measures to solve the problems of secondary education in Assam.
Ans:
Suggestions to solve the problem of secondary education in Assam:
(i) Secondary
education should help the students to inculcate values like cooperation,
patience, social justice, discipline, loyalty, positive attitude, friendship,
courage, brotherhood, equality etc. in the minds of the students.
(ii) Admission
of quality students should be given importance in the school. In particular, to
attract students towards technical and
Agriculture
education should be made more attractive.
(iii) Adequate
and available teaching aids should be provided.
(iv) Talented,
skilled, qualified, trained teachers should be appointed in the school.
(v) More
importance should be given on women's education.
(vi) Education
plan should be prepared keeping in view the local employment potential for
generation of adequate human resources.
(vii) Part-time
education and vocational training should be provided to working men and women,
farmers, labourers, child laborers etc.
(viii) Untrained
teachers working in secondary schools should be given proper in-service
training.
(ix) An active
administrative set up should be created to make the administration of secondary
education more powerful and active.
(x) The system
of secondary level examination and evaluation should be improved.
20. Sum-up the suggestions forwarded by NPE-1986 for vocationalisation of secondary education. Exam paper - 2013
Ans:
Vocational education will be implemented at +2 stage of higher secondary
education thus preparing the students to choose their career in vocational
fields. However, vocational education will be available after the end of
class-VIII. To some extent the knowledge and experience, attitude, sports
skills, craft management, self-employment etc. of the students will be
developed. Necessary programs will be adopted by the government for tribals,
neglected women and handicapped children of rural areas. To improve the
educational life, an integrated curriculum of general education, technical
education and vocational education will be prepared.
***
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