AHSEC| CLASS 12| EDUCATION| CHAPTER - 1| DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN INDIA & ASSAM| SOLVED QUESTIONS FOR 3 MARK EACH| H.S. 2ND YEAR
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN INDIA & ASSAM
Solved questions for 3 mark each:
1. Describe
the development of citizenship as a goal of secondary education as suggested by
the Secondary Education Commission.
Ans: The
Secondary Education Commission 1952-53 recommended the development of
democratic citizenship as one of the aims of secondary education. India can be
a democratic republic if the citizens uphold and practice the values of
discipline, tolerance, patriotic co-operation, equality in thought, speech and
writing. The essence of world citizenship is inculcated and developed through
education. According to the Mudaliar Commission the schools should maintain and
develop all these qualities in the students. Citizens with these qualities can
become ideal citizens capable of making democracy a success.
2. Discuss
the importance of 'Education for Leadership' in a democratic country as pointed
out by the Mudaliar Commission.
Ans: The
Secondary Education Commission suggested education for leadership. Secondary
education should be seen as a stage which is complete in itself and has its own
aims and objectives. On passing out from secondary schools, most of the
students enter various spheres of social life. Therefore, they should be able
to give leadership at the intermediate level of the society. The students
should also be trained to be able to assume leadership responsibilities in
various fields like social, cultural, political, industrial etc.
3. Discuss
'Social and National Integration' as an aim of secondary education.
Ans:
Social and national integration is a major problem our country is facing today.
The forces of fragmentation are raising their heads in every direction. The one
weapon by which these demonic forces that everyone must have and can be crushed
regionally, is education. Compulsory social and national service should be
emphasized at the level. Labor and social service camps should be organized and
NCC should be made voluntary. Mother tongue should be the medium of
instruction. English should be used as the link language and Hindi should be
given the status of national language.
4. Discuss the structure of the primary stage as suggested by the Education Commission 1964.
Ans: (a) One to three (0 to 3) years of elementary or pro-school education.
(b) General education period of zen (10) years where the primary stage should be from seven to eight (07-8) years. This primary stage should again be divided into two stages i.e. lower primary stage of four to five (04-5) years and upper primary stage of two to three (02-03) years. To provide work-oriented education, there should be a lower secondary level of three or two (03-02) years of general education or one to three (01-03) years of vocational education.
(c) The entry age or entry age in Class I of the primary level should not be less than six (06) years.
5. What are
the terms of reference for the appointment of the Secondary Education
Commission?
Ans: The
Terms of Reference for the appointment of the Secondary Education Commission
are:
(i) To inquire
into and report on the present status of all aspects of secondary education in
India.
(ii) to suggest
measures for its reorganization and improvement with special reference to -
(a) The
objectives, organization and context of secondary education.
(b) Primary work
and its relation to higher education.
(c) the
inter-relationship of different types of secondary schools, and
(d) other allied
problems so as to provide for the whole country a sound and proper uniform
system of secondary education suited to our needs and resources.
6 What is the
impact of the new National Policy on Education, 1986 on secondary education in
Assam?
Ans: The
new education policy made in 1986 wanted to bring innovation in all aspects of
education. Based on this policy, a Navodaya Vidyalaya was established in each
district of Assam for the development of secondary education among the
meritorious children of the village level. The policy emphasized on modernizing
the education system and eradicating illiteracy from the state.
7. Mention
the objectives of education as suggested by the new National Policy on
Education, 1986.
Ans: The
aims of education as suggested by the New Education Policy of 1986 are:
(i) Vocationalization of
education, especially at the secondary level of education, should make the
curriculum job-oriented.
(ii) To make people aware about
various scientific and technological developments and to make students aware
about it at different stages of education so that they can use them in their
future life.
(iii) To encourage governmental
and non-governmental efforts to remove illiteracy and stress the need for adult
education, formal education, peasant education and 'open' school.
8. Describe
the structural changes proposed in the new National Policy on Education, 1986.
Ans: The
recommendations are:
(i) 1-3 years of
pre-primary education.
(ii) 10 years of
general education where 7-8 years of primary level.
(iii) The age of
entry in class 1 of primary level should not be less than 6 years.
(iv) 2 years for
general education or 1-3 years for vocational education for higher secondary
level.
(v) Secondary
schools should be of two types – high schools for 10 years course and higher
secondary schools for eleven- or twelve-years course.
(vi)
Specialization should start after class X and the process of upgradation should
be specific.
(vii)
Pre-university courses should be transferred to secondary schools from
universities as well as affiliated colleges.
(viii) Boards of
Secondary Education should be restructured.
(ix) Higher
education ie degree education should be of 3 years duration.
(x) The first
public external examination should be conducted at the end of the first ten
years of school education.
9. Write
short notes:
(a)
Structure of secondary education suggested by Kothari Commission. Exam paper - 2016, 2018, 2020
Ans:
The Education Commission was set up by the Government of India in 1964 to
advise the government on the national pattern of education in stages and in all
aspects. Professor Daulat Singh Kothari, Chairman and General Principles and
Policies for the Development of Education also known as Kothari Commission. The
commission submitted its report to the UGC. He was the chairman of this
commission. So, this commission on 30th June, 1966. The report is a voluminous
report and includes a detailed analysis of all aspects of education at various
stages.
With regard
to educational structure and standards, the committee recommended that:
(i) General
education should be of 10 years duration – 4 years lower primary, 3 years upper
primary and 3 years lower secondary education.
(ii) One to
three years of pre-school education (Classes A-B-C)
(iii) Four to
five years of lower primary education (Classes I-IV)
(iv) three or
two years of upper primary education (Classes V-VII)
(v) three or two
years of lower secondary education (Classes VIII-X)
(vi) Two years
of Senior Secondary level (Class XI-XII)
(vii) Three
years degree courses followed by courses of varying duration for higher
studies.
(b)
Integrated Child Development Programme:
Ans: The term
Early Childhood Care and Education has been used in place of pre-primary or
nursery education in the National Education Policy. The National Education Policy
emphasizes on the holistic nature of child development such as nutrition,
health and social, mental, physical, moral and emotional development. Early
childhood care and education will be accorded high priority and wherever
possible suitably integrated with the Integrated Child Development Services
programme. Day care centers will be provided as a support service for
universalisation of primary education. The programs of ECCE will be child
oriented, focusing on sports and personality of the child. Formal methods and
instruction of the 3R's would be discouraged at this stage.
(c) Assam Higher Secondary Education Council. Exam paper - 2014
Ans:
Based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission, the Government of Assam
constituted the Assam Council of Higher Secondary Education in 1984. As a
result all responsibilities of higher secondary education (management, control
and administration) were transferred from the Board of Secondary Education of
Assam. -To-Assam Council of Higher Secondary Education. These councils have the
power of preparation and publication of text books, syllabus formulation and
management of examinations.
10. Under
what circumstances the new National Education Policy, 1986 was prepared?
explain.
Ans: In
1985 a new government was formed at the central level under the leadership of
Rajiv Gandhi as the Prime Minister of India. This government has announced that
there is a need to formulate a new education policy keeping in view the
economic development of the country and the development of science and
technology. Many intellectuals have given their views and suggestions on this
aspect. On the basis of various discussions, debates, suggestions, Minister of
Education Department, Government of India. In 1986, it was decided to formulate
a new education policy and it was also announced in the Parliament. This
education policy lays down the essential principles underlying all the
important aspects of the country's education. This was the condition on which
the NPE was formulated in 1986.
11. N.P.C.
Summary of suggestions forwarded by Regarding equality in education
Ans: The
National Policy on Education is proposed to lay emphasis on removal of
inequalities and equalization of educational opportunity keeping in view the
specific needs of those who have been hitherto deprived of equality. The areas
where more importance is given for equality of educational opportunities are as
follows:
(i) Education
for women equality. (ii) Education for the Scheduled Castes. (iii) Education
for minorities. (iv) Education for the handicapped. (v) Education for adults.
12. What are
the suggestions made by the Kothari Commission to speed up the process of
modernization?
Ans: India
is on the path of modernization due to advancement in science and technology.
Education should help in speeding up the process of modernization, therefore
some aspects should be given importance in educational reconstruction for
modernization- which are as follows:
(a) Education
should keep pace with it, otherwise India will lag behind in the process of
modernization.
(b) Education
should not only impart knowledge but also aim at arousing curiosity towards
important social changes.
(c) Education
should be oriented to meet the social, economic, cultural and political
problems of the new social order.
***
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