AHSEC| CLASS 12| EDUCATION| CHAPTER - 3| CURRENT TRENDS IN EDUCATION| SOLVED QUESTIONS FOR 5 MARK EACH| H.S. 2ND YEAR

CURRENT TRENDS IN EDUCATION

Solved questions for 5 mark each:

1. Discuss about the objectives of Environmental Education. Exam paper - 2013, 2015

Ans: The objective of environmental education is to develop in the child an awareness and understanding of the physical and social environment as a whole. Fortunately, environmental education has been included in the curriculum in our country from an early age. Kothari Commission (1966) recommended – environmental activities would lead to the study of natural science, physical science, geography, history and civics; Construction and creative skills will provide the basis for the practice of simple arts and crafts and the practice of healthy living will serve as the foundation for environmental education.'

The International Conference of UNESCO (1997) held in Tbilisi formulated several objectives of environmental education for both formal and non-formal education at all levels.

These are as follows:

(i) To develop an awareness of the environment and sensitivity (feeling and attitude) towards the total environment and its associated problems.

(ii) To help in acquiring knowledge and various experiences of environment and related problems.

(iii) To develop a basic understanding of the structure, processes and problems of environmental components.

(iv) To help in acquiring skills to identify and solve environmental problems.

(v) To develop a set of attitudes, values and feelings for the environment and encouragement or motivation for active participation in the protection and improvement of the environment.

(vi) To develop the ability to evaluate environmental components and educational programs in the context of ecological, economic, social, cultural, aesthetic and educational factors.

(vii) to provide opportunities for active participation or work at all levels in the solution of environmental problems, and

The above objectives pertain to all levels and both formal and non-formal systems of education.

2. What is the importance of environmental education?

Ans: It is interesting to note that man's complex engagement with nature varies geographically and evolutionarily, exposing man to various environmental influences over the course of history. Today it is becoming increasingly important to counter the danger inherent in the increasing degradation of our environment, pollution of air, water and soil, physical and mental aberrations resulting from the mechanization of life; artificial and violet stimuli in the form of noise; lack of irreplaceable resources; increasing content of chemicals in human and animal food and their deleterious effects; Deterioration of natural conditions and ecological balance and life activities, harmful to the natural environment.

Environmental education is the first and foremost step to save the environment from further degradation. Thus, the real task of the day is to create awareness, interest and involve people so as to provide basic knowledge about man-nature interaction and its impacts and adopt recommended measures to maintain ecological balance. Could No program of rational environmental management can be successful unless the general public is familiar with the theory, principles and practical methods for the protection and rational use of national resources and the improvement of the environmental conditions of man. Therefore, EE has the most important role to play in solving the major problems of environmental degradation and nature conservation.

EE is an essentially interdisciplinary approach and an expression of an appreciation of the mutuality of social, cultural, political, economic and technological awareness in man with the geological, atmospheric and biological systems of nature. However, it is desirable that this affiliation is consciously taught at all levels of formal education. Thus, the traditional faculties of a university put it together in a school system for the import of environmental education. It should be an interfaculty or a superficial program.

3. What are the areas included in the scope of environmental education?

Ans: The scope of environmental education is so wide that it includes various aspects of nature, ecological, cultural, technological, economic, legal, educational and commercial.

(i) A lot of teaching learning can be done through environment. Natural environment like flowers, insects, wind, birds and many other historical, cultural and social places fascinate human beings day in and day out. Instead of teaching the subject in the classroom, children can be taught through the environment.

(ii) Man has to deal with his environment every day for his existence, sustenance and prosperity. He cannot escape from it under any circumstances from birth till death. He is born in a family and is brought up by that family which is a primary group for him. After infancy, he attains the stage of childhood, adolescence, adulthood. Therefore, it is in one's own interest that one should learn about the environment, especially the immediate one. It is very important to know about many other features of the natural environment which affect the health and hygiene of human beings.

The scope of environmental education can be highlighted as follows: Scope:

(i) Impact of science and technology.

(ii) Population explosion.

(iii) Problems of pollution.

(iv) Environmental degradation.

(v) Scarcity of environmental resources.

4. Mention the characteristics of environment.

Ans: A review of the definitions of environmental education indicates the following main characteristics:

(i) It is a process of recognizing the interrelationship between man, his cultural and biological environment.

(ii) It appears to be a process that equips human beings with awareness, skills, attitudes, values and commitment to improve the environment.

(iii) It refers to the knowledge and understanding of physical, biological, cultural and psychological environment and its relevance to real life situation.

(iv) It identifies the imbalance of the environment and tries to rectify it keeping in view the sustainable development.

(v) It lays emphasis on exercise in decision making and self-formulation of codes of practice regarding problems and issues relating to environmental quality.

(vi) It develops the skills, attitudes, feelings and values needed to play a productive role in improving life and values.

5. Why Physical Education is important in school? Exam paper - 2015

Ans: The importance of physical education is:

(i) Physical education is helpful in developing alertness of mind, as alertness and concentration are essential in various programs of physical education like wrestling, kabaddi, cricket etc. Participating in physical education activities makes a person alert.

(ii) Physical education is a good source of knowledge about health, its hazards and diseases.

(iii) Physical education plays an important role in promoting national integration. Sports and games provide opportunities to sample working together, which ultimately increases national integration.

(iv) Proper utilization of leisure time can be made possible with the help of physical activities, stress and tension can be avoided by participating in physical activities including recreational activities.

(v) Physical education helps in developing good relations among human beings. Through this, the qualities of co-operation, sympathy, secretiveness etc. are developed.

(vi) Physical education helps in promoting emotional development. Aggression, stress, tension can be controlled through physical activities. It provides many opportunities to increase the power of endurance.

6. What are the objectives of Physical Education? Exam paper - 2015

Ans: The main objectives of physical education are:

(i) Development of neuro-muscular co-ordination;

(ii) development of leadership qualities;

(iii) Development of ability to control stress and tension in day-to-day life;

(iv) development of self-control and fearlessness;

(v) development of qualities like discipline, dedication and devotion;

(vi) developing work skills;

(vii) To develop a healthy attitude towards life.

7. How can physical education be given in the school?

Ans: It is said that physical education should be included in the first ten years of schooling. For proper development of body, mind and spirit, health and physical education including games and sports should be included in both the reasons and evaluation of the performance of the students.

Exercise, gymnastics, athletics, judo, yoga, drill, scouting and guiding etc. should be introduced at the upper primary level. These options should be made available subject to the facilities available and the performance of the learners. Provision should be made in health education to create awareness among the learners regarding general health problems, safety measures, nutritional problems, first aid, sanitation and pollution.

At the high school level, athletics, gymnastics, yoga, meditation, swimming etc. are to be included in the curriculum of the physical education camp and various team games and completions should be introduced at both the upper primary and high school stages. NCC, guiding, scouting, social service should be added to the compulsory programs of physical education. Health education should emphasize on maintenance of proper health, effect of environmental pollution on health, food and nutrition, control and prevention of diseases etc.

8. Discuss the importance of value education in the present-day society.

Ans: The need and importance of value education can be underlined as follows:

(i) It can develop a healthy and balanced personality.

(ii) It develops professional efficiency.

(iii) It helps in the development of character and morality of the children.

(iv) Enables the child to adjust with his environment.

(v) It promotes social efficiency.

(vi) To inculcate ideas about national integration.

(vii) develops cultural values

(viii) Helps the child to spend his leisure time properly.

9. What measures we can take for imparting value education in school? Exam paper - 2014

Ans: There are two different ways of importing value education, namely: (i) Direct and (ii) Indirect

The systematic and well-thought-out instruction on values provided in the school time-table is known to be a direct way of inculcating important values. In some states, moral education is imported in this way. Here, the values to be inculcated are explained, discussed and illustrated through stories, moral dilemmas and real-life incidents. Indirectly the value education can be imported through regular co-curricular activities.

10. Mention the objectives of women empowerment.

Ans: Following are the objectives of women empowerment:

(i) To increase self-esteem and confidence in women.

(ii) Create a positive image of women by reorganizing their contribution to society, politics and economy.

(iii) To develop in them the ability to think critically.

(iv) Promotion of decision making and action through collective process.

(v) To enable them to make informed choices in areas such as education, employment and health.

(vi) Ensure equal participation in the developmental process.

11. Discuss about the role of education in women empowerment. Exam paper - 2016

Ans: Women empowerment emphasizes the importance of increasing their power and taking control of the decisions and issues that shape their lives. Women's empowerment addresses the power and relationships associated with gender, class, race, ethnicity, age, culture, and history in society. Power is identified with equity and equality for women and men in access to resources, participation in decision making and control over the distribution of resources and benefits.

Education for Women Empowerment:

(i) Every girl should get free and compulsory primary education.

(ii) To remove illiteracy among women folk.

(iii) To encourage girls for all kinds of vocational, technical and vocational education according to their needs, interests and attitudes.

(iv) The values of gender equality and gender justice through education should get priority in the education system.

(v) To use education as an agent of fundamental change in the status of women.

(vi) Women should be made aware of their constitutional and legal rights both in work and social life.

(vii) Emphasis should be laid on value-based education to instil confidence in women.

12. Discuss the status of women in Indian society.

Ans: (i) Women are generally found to be economically weak in our country. Only a negligible number of women in urban areas are economically dependent on men and this fact has made them vulnerable. They need economic independence to be equal to men.

(ii) In most of the underdeveloped and developing countries, women are found to be less literate than men and this has forced them to become dependent and subordinate to men. According to the 2001 census, the literacy rate for males in India is 76% while it is only 64% for females. The dropout rate is also found to be comparatively higher in case of females. Lack of education is the main reason for their exploitation and neglect. Only literacy can help them understand the constitutional and legislative provisions meant to strengthen them.

(iii) According to Gangarade. “Women empowerment means, “Equal status, opportunity and freedom to develop oneself”. "Gandhiji's idea of women empowerment was 'Sarvodaya', the welfare of all through cooperation and trusteeship in the economic sphere, equal participation in the political sphere, and in the interpersonal and social sphere irrespective of caste or class or gender.

(iv) Kiran Devendra said that “by empowering women I would enable women to be financially independent, self-reliant, able to face any difficult situation with positive self-esteem and they would be able to participate in the decision-making process.” Will be able."

(v) The International Conference on Women of 1985 defined 'empowerment of women' as the redistribution of social power and control of resources in favor of women.

13. Describe some general measures that a school can adopt for women empowerment.

Ans: Some steps have been taken for women empowerment in the National Education Policy.

They are:

(i) To provide employment opportunities to poor and illiterate women by promoting self-help groups.

(ii) Reserve 30% of the Govt. jobs and contract jobs for women.

(iii) Ensuring and making arrangements for all women to participate in schemes like…Operation Black Board, Total Literacy Mission Sir Shiksha Abhiyan etc.

(iv) Increase in maternity leave from 90 days to 135 days.

(v) Passing Women's Reservation Bill in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to ensure political protection and empowerment.

(vi) Establishment of 'Women's Bank' where they would be privileged to engage in all kinds of activities.

(vii) 33% seats are reserved for women.

14. What are the characteristics of population education?

Ans: Following are the main features of population education:

(i) Population education is included in the policy of human resource development.

(ii) It helps in the quantitative and qualitative development of a country.

(iii) It is a part of environmental education

(iv) The scope of population education is wider than sex education.

15. Describe some ways to provide population education to educational institutions.

Ans: Population Education in Educational Institutions:

(i) In 1971, the NCERT declared that population education should be started at the primary school level, continuing up to the secondary level.

(ii) The concept of small family should be given to the children at the primary stage.

(iii) Data on population growth of different countries should be given along with the historical background of increasing population at the secondary level.

(iv) Information about different parts of the body should be given at the college level. The concept of reproductive system should be included in the courses of study.

(v) Research scholars can do research work on "Population"

(vi) Population education can be included as a subject in various training centres.

16. NCERT Discuss the areas of population education mentioned by

Ans: The National Council of Educational Research and Training organized a workshop on Population Education in July 1970 in New Delhi. The workshop recommended five areas that should be covered by the curricular material for population education.

(i) Population growth.

(ii) Economic development and population.

(iii) Social development and population.

(iv) Health, nutrition and population.

(v) Biological factors, family life and population.

17. What are the views of the Education Commission (1964-66) on physical education?

Ans: The views of the Education Commission (1964-66) on physical education are as follows:

(a) Physical education program should be designed keeping in view the interest and abilities of the students.

(b) Keeping in mind the economic aspects, a program of physical education should be prepared.

(d) Guidance and counselling should be given keeping in view the potential and ability of the students.

(e) Traditional plays, national plays and physical works should be included in the program of physical education.

18. Describe some of the general measures that can be adopted by the school for imparting environmental education.

Ans: Some of the general measures that can be adopted by the school for imparting environmental education are as follows:

(a) Organization of exhibition on environment.

(b) organization of educational tours or visits related to environment.

(d) Celebrating Environment Day in schools and colleges and organizing 'Van Mahotsav'.

(e) Telling stories and singing songs on environment.

19. Enumerate some common measures that a school can adopt to provide population education.

Ans: Some of the general measures that can be adopted by the school for imparting population education are as follows:

(i) The concept of small family and its good effects on family life are suitably and adequately explained to the children at the primary stage.

(ii) The history of population explosion and its comparative study can be presented to the students at secondary level.

(iii) The impact of rapid growth of population on the economic, social, political and cultural life of an individual can be clearly discussed and analysed.

(iv) Sex education should be introduced as a part of science education at the secondary stage.

(v) The rapid growth of population which is responsible for taking down the standard of our personal and social life needs to be discussed clearly.

20. Enumerate the guiding principles of environmental education.

Ans: The guiding principles of environmental education are as follows:

(i) Environmental education helps in making learning experiences from simple to complex.

For example, children watch a bird, watch it eat figs or insects, or watch it fly. All of this gives them some awareness of the birds' eating and flying habits.

(ii) Environmental education helps children to move from uncertain ideas to definite ideas. For example, an infant is not able to differentiate between colours, but as it grows up, it learns to discriminate between different colours.

(iii) Environmental education helps children to move from concrete to abstract. Since the environment is full of concrete things that children can examine and classify and interpret and then draw their own conclusions and inferences about them.

(iv) Environmental education has social relevance: its relevance to man's interaction with his physical and social environment, its relevance to changing human attitudes that lead man to hate man and to generate hatred on one ground or the other, like caste, creed, colour of religion etc.,

(v) Environmental education should be a continuous and a never-ending process.

21. Explain the concept of population education.

Ans: Population education is an educational program through which students and individuals can gain knowledge about the meaning and characteristics of population, causes of explosion and decline in population, consequences of the problem of population explosion, etc. It lays importance on improving the standard of population. To impart knowledge about the life and impact of population explosion on individual and society.

Professor Dr. Salwan of Columbia University propounded the concept of population education for the first time. Burleson, Professor, Harvard University, first used the term population education. According to him population education provides knowledge about the nature of the burden or the problem of population explosion. The concept of 'population education' was developed and popularized by American sociologist and Nobel Peace Prize winner 'Alva Myrdal' in the year 1982.

22. Discuss the need and importance of population education.

Ans: The need and importance of population education are as follows:

(i) It helps in improving the quality of general education.

(ii) It is very necessary to create awareness among the students about the impact of the rapid growth of population on the socio-economic status, social life, on human beings and on the environment.

(iii) It is necessary to make a responsible citizen.

(iv) It helps in removing superstitions and beliefs from the minds of the people.

(v) It is very essential to maintain the quality and standard of living.

23. State the broad objectives of population Education. Exam paper - 2016

Ans: The broad objectives of population education are as follows:

(i) To create an understanding among the younger generation about the problem of rapid growth of population, its causes, trends and factors affecting it and the ways to regulate it.

(ii) To develop an understanding about the socio-economic condition of the society as well as the impact of rapid growth of population on the nation.

(iii) To enable the students to understand that the size of the family is controllable.

(iv) To impart knowledge about the control of unplanned birth.

(v) To provide elementary knowledge of breeding.

24. Explain the concept of physical education? What are the principles suggested by the Kothari Commission regarding physical education?

Ans: The correct concept of physical education is that it is an integral part of the overall education process. It is "a field of endeavour aimed at the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through activities selected with a view to realizing these results."

The principles suggested by the Kothari Commission regarding physical education are as follows:

(i) Physical education program should be designed keeping in view the interest and abilities of the students.

(ii) Keeping in mind the economic aspects, a program of physical education should be prepared.

(iii) Physical education should be provided to all.

(iv) Guidance and counselling should be given to the students keeping in view their potential and ability.

(v) Traditional dramas, national dramas and physical works should be included in the program of physical education.

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