AHSEC| CLASS 12| EDUCATION| CHAPTER - 4| LEARNING| SOLVED QUESTIONS FOR 4 MARK EACH| H.S. 2ND YEAR

LEARNING

Solved questions for 4 mark each:

1. Discuss the role of reward and punishment in learning. Exam paper - 2013

Ans: Reward and punishment is an important factor in learning. This serves as a strong incentive for learning. Modern psychologists, however, use a more general term to include 'reinforcement' in both cases. Reinforcement is that which strengthens the response. Reward is a positive reinforcement and punishment is a negative reinforcement. This is the key to learning. But if they are not implemented in the right way at the right time then there is no learning.

2. “Learning depends on maturity” – explain

Ans: Maturation is the change caused by physical growth. It is a process of natural development which involves the growth of cells, tissues and organs of the body. Learning is a mental process dependent on physical development. Learning is impossible without maturity. A two-month-old child cannot be trained with toys or a two-year-old child cannot be taught to read. Then a 5-year-old child cannot learn typing. Therefore, maturity of the child is an important condition in learning a new task. Therefore, learning depends heavily on maturity.

3. Discuss the relationship between learning and maturity.

4. Differentiate between learning and maturation.

Ans: The difference between learning and maturation are:

Maturation	Learning
(i) It is based on heredity	(i) It is based on environment
(ii) This behavior change is a process of modification of behaviour.	(ii) It is a planned process
(iii) It is an age limit process	(iii) It is a lifelong process.
(iv) Maturity is not related to activities but to structure and potential.	(iv) Learning is related to activities and experiences.
(v) Maturity is not considered in practice	(v) Behavioural change is necessary in the practice of learning.
(vi) Maturity does not require motivation	(vi) Learning requires motivation.

5. What is the instructive value of the law of effect?

Ans: Educational value of the impact of the law: The educational value of this law is quite evident. A student's progress in learning follows this law of effect. Success or satisfaction in the result leads to more success. The teacher uses the technique of rewards and punishments in the school on the basis of this law. Reward motivates to achieve more success and punishment discourages effort. The teacher can use this tool to reinforce desired behavior and attitudes and to remove one of his unwanted students. This law of effect thus justifies the use of reward and punishment in school.

6. Differentiate between complete and partial learning.

Ans: Difference between partial and complete learning:

Part learning	Whole learning
(i) The learning material is divided into different parts and each part is mastered one at a time.	(i) Here the focus is on the whole task at one go instead of dividing the material into parts and learning it individually.
(ii) This method is useful for older children.	(ii) This method is very useful for small children.
(iii) It is a low form of learning.	(iii) It is a higher form of learning.

7. Discuss the impact of delivery of exercises on learning.

Ans: The duration of practice sessions and the distribution of rest periods affect the learning process to a great extent. It has been found for a wide variety of motor skills that exercise is more effective when it includes brief and judiciously distributed rest periods. This leads to faster learning than continuous practice. However, the duration of the practice should not be too long. Likewise, it should not be short or frequent either. It would tend to split the task into smaller parts. Actually, the practice duration will depend on the task to be learned and the age of the learner. No, extreme distance and mass are desirable.

8. Explain the following on the basis of adaptation.

(a) In a circus, the elephant responds to signals made by its trainer. These signals may not be meaningful to an observer, but the elephant displays different movements based on these signals.

Ans: The elephant is already trained to perform the activities as told by the trainer. And this learning of the elephant is a response to conditioning. After "conditioning" the elephant follows the cues given by the trainer.

(b) While giving a piece of meat to a dog, a man holds the piece of meat in front of the dog and says "Stand up". After repeating this several times, he says "Stand up" but shows no flesh. The dog stands up.

Ans: The new stimulus "empty hand gesture" has replaced the original stimulus "piece of meat" in producing the 'stand up' response. Through learning conditioning the dog has already wired its brain for that response. Therefore, the same thing happens as mentioned above.

9. Outline the experimental procedure that led to the contraction.

Ans: The experiment done by Pavlov on conditioning learning is as follows-

Pavlov experimented with starving doe to elaborate his conditioned response theory. When he gave meat to the dog, his saliva started dripping. After some time, when the bell rang, he gave the meat to the dog. The dog salivated again which meant that the dog responded to the combined stimulation of the meat and the bell. This experiment was done many times. Eventually it was observed that the mere sound of the bell, even without the meat, was enough to make a dog salivate. This indicated that the original stimulus of the meat to salivate into the dog's mouth had been replaced by the stimulus of the sound of the bell. This means that the sound of the bell as a stimulus was conditioned with the salivary discharge response of the dog.

10. Differentiate between learning and maturation.

Ans: The difference between learning and maturation is as follows:

(a) Maturation is mainly based on heredity, while learning is mainly based on environment,

(b) Maturity is related to structure and potential. On the other hand, learning is related to activities and experiences.

(c) Maturation uses both appropriate and inappropriate situations, while learning uses only appropriate and appropriate situations.

(d) Maturity is not dependent on learning. But learning depends to a great extent on maturity.

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