AHSEC| CLASS 12| POLITICAL SCIENCE| SOLVED PAPER - 2022| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2022
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
Full Marks:
100
Pass Marks:
30
Time: Three
hours
The figures
in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
PART – A
(Contemporary World Politics)
1. (a) Write the full form of NIEO. 1
Ans:- The
New International Economic Order (NIEO)
(b) The collapse of which country is
known as the collapse of the “Second Worlds”? 1
Ans:- The
Soviet Union.
(c) In which year Iraq invaded
Kuwait? 1
Ans:- August
2, 1990.
(d) Write the full form of
SAFTA. 1
Ans:- The
South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA)
(e) Earth Summit was held in the year
1992. (Fill in the blank) 1
(f) The World Council of Indigenous
people was formed in the year 1974/1975/1976. 1
2.
Mention two reforms Mikhail Gorbachev initiated in the Soviet Union. 2
Ans:- The
reforms initiated by Michael Gorbachev are: -
(i) Glasnost: The word Glasnost means 'openness'.
The main objective of this movement was to give more rights and freedom to the
people in the Soviet Union.
(ii) Perestroika: Perestroika means the reconstruction
of the political and economic system established by the Communist Party.
Elections were held to reflect the democratic practices of Western society and
to allow citizens to have a voice in government.
3. Write
down the name of the Permanent member states of Security Council of United
Nations Organization. 2
Ans:- China, The United States.
4. Write
the names of two non-governmental organisations which were concerned with
Protection of Human Rights all over the world. 2
Ans:- Amnesty International and Global
Rights are two NGOs that are concerned with the protection of human rights all
over the world.
5. Name
the principal organs of United Nations Organisation. 2
Ans:- There are six main organs of the
United Nations (UN). Five of them – the General Assembly, the Security Council,
the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat –
are located at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Sixth, the
International Court of Justice, is in The Hague in the Netherlands.
6.
Mention two sources of threats to human being. 2
Ans:- Population explosion and
environmental pollution are two major factors threatening the existence of
human beings on earth.
It is necessary to protect people
from significant and wide-ranging threats and to empower people to take
responsibility and protect themselves.
Conservation means the norms, policies,
and institutions necessary to protect people and implies a comprehensive
approach.
7. Write
two causes of Water Pollution. 2
Ans:- Main
causes of water pollution:-
(i) Global warming:- Global warming is the long-term
warming of the Earth's surface observed since pre-industrial times (between
1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels,
which act as heat-trapping greenhouses in the Earth's atmosphere. Works in,
Increases gas level.
(ii) Deforestation:- Deforestation occurs when humans
clear forests for timber or use land where trees stand for crops, grazing,
extraction (mining, oil or gas), or population growth and migration of people
For. as it develops.
8. Why
did big powers need to have alliance with smaller countries? Write four
reasons. 4
Ans:- The
great powers made military alliances with the smaller countries because of the
following reasons: -
(i) Control over vital resources: Small countries located in the
Middle East were sources of vital resources such as oil and minerals, which
would be beneficial for the superpowers to develop arsenals and wage war.
(ii) Location: The great powers formed alliances
with smaller countries that were close to each other, so that they could spy
and keep an eye on each other's development.
(iii) Control of territory: Superpowers can establish control
over the territories of smaller nations, which enables them to organize troops
and launch weapons against their opponents.
(iv) Subsidies: Smaller countries were treated as
subsidizers, i.e., smaller allies could collectively help pay for military
expenditure in times of need.
9.
Discuss briefly about the constraints on U.S. hegemony. 4
Ans. US
hegemony is in today’s world means the dominance of US in spheres – military,
economic ideas of good life etc. The constraints an US are –
(i) The first
constraint is the institutional architectures of the American State itself. A
system of division of power between the three branches of government places
significant brakes upon the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America’s
military power by the executive branch.
(ii) The Second
constraint is domestic is nature and stems from the open nature of American
Society. American mass media may from time to time impose or promote a
particular perspective on domestic public opinion in the US and they also keep
on eye over the methods of government.
10.
Discuss briefly about the most recent relationship between India and
Pakistan. 4
Ans:- The 2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
were a series of armed conflicts between India and Pakistan along the Line of
Control in the disputed region of Kashmir, which is subject to both countries'
broader territorial claims.
Since the birth
of Pakistan in 1947, relations between India and Pakistan have never been
cordial. Partition and problems arising from the country affected the
relationship between the two states. Relations between India and Pakistan
remained tense due to displaced property, constitutional location of Indian
states, demarcation of borders and frequent clashes over the disputes of
Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir. There were two wars between the two countries
on Kashmir issue first in 1948 and then in 1965.
In 1971, India
and Pakistan fought another war on the Bangladesh issue. Also, on the use of
Indus water, a canal water dispute arose between the two countries. The
long-running dispute over the sharing of river water was resolved through
mediation by the World Bank. The Indo-Pakistan Indus Water Treaty was signed by
Nehru and General Ayub Khan in 1960.
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