NIOS| SOCIAL SCIENCE (213)| SOLVED PAPER – (APRIL) - 2022| SECONDARY| ENGLISH MEDIUM
SOCIAL SCIENCE
(213)
[APRIL – 2022]
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100
Note:
(1) All questions
are compulsory and carry marks as indicated against each question.
(2) For Multiple
Choice Questions four options are given. You have to choose right option and
indicate it in your answer book.
(3) Attach the map with your answer book.
(a) Haryana
(b) Bihar
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Madhya
Pradesh
Ans:- (a) Haryana
2. ‘The Sarkaria Commission’ is associated with which one
of the following. 1
(a) Executive
and Judiciary
(b)
Legislature and Executive
(c) Centre
and Local self-government
(d) Centre
and States
Ans:- (d) Centre and States
3. Who were known as ‘Pharaohs’?
(a) Egyptian
Kings
(b) Indian
Kings
(c) Chinese
Kings
(d) Greek
Kings
Ans:- (a) Egyptian Kings
4. Who among the following was the first elected President
of ‘Indian National Congress’?
(a) Lala
Lajpat Rai
(b)
Surendranath Banerjee
(c) Gopal
Krishna Gokhale
(d) Womesh
Chandra Banerjee
Ans:- (d) Womesh Chandra
Banerjee
5. Explain any two characteristics of 'Bhakti Movement'
during Medieval Period. 2×1=2
Ans:- Main characteristics of Bhakti Movement:-
(i) Unity of God
or One God though known by different names.
(ii) Bhakti,
intense love, and surrender is the only way to salvation.
6. Mention any two accomplishments made in the field of astronomy
during the renaissance. 2×1=2
Ans:- (i) It can predict the position of planets to
within 2° like Ptolemy.
(ii) The
retrograde motion of the planets was explained by the relative motion between
them and the earth.
(iii) The
distance between the planets and the Sun can be accurately determined in units
(i.e., astronomical units) of the Earth-Sun distance.
7. Explain the relationship between rights and duties. 2
Ans:- Rights are the things we want others to do for
us while duties are the things we must do for others. Thus, with rights comes
an obligation to show respect for the rights of others. The responsibilities
that come with rights are in the form of duties.
8. Describe any two features of 'Western Ghats'. 2
Ans:- The Western Ghats have a diverse range of
ecosystems ranging from tropical moist evergreen forests to montane grasslands
that contain many medicinal plants and important genetic resources such as wild
relatives of cereals, fruits and spices.
9. Mention any four provisions of the permanent
settlement in Bengal and Bihar introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. 4
Ans:- Features of Permanent Settlement: -
(i) The
zamindars or zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land. They were
given the hereditary right of inheritance of the land under them.
(ii) The
zamindars could sell or transfer the land as per their wish.
(iii) the
ownership of the zamindar shall continue until he has paid to the Government
the fixed revenue on the said date. If they failed to pay, their rights would be
terminated and the land auctioned.
(iv) The amount
to be paid by the zamindars was fixed. It was agreed that no (permanent)
increase would be made in future.
10. Explain the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy as the
prominent social reformer of the 19th century. 5
Ans:- Social Contribution by Raja Ram Mohan Roy: -
He founded
the Atmiya Sabha in 1814, the Calcutta Unitarian Association in 1821 and the
Brahmo Sabha or Brahmo Samaj in 1828. She advocated for women's rights, such as
the ability for widows to remarry and the right for women to own property.
Raja Ram
Mohan Roy campaigned against the caste system, untouchability, superstition,
and drug abuse. He attacked child marriage, polygamy, illiteracy of women and
the humiliating condition of widows. He fought against the perceived evils of
the Hindu society at that time.
The role
of Raja Ram Mohan Roy as a social reformer in 19th century India is given
below: -
(i) Raja
Ram Mohan Roy carried out both religious and social reforms for the upliftment
of the society.
(ii)
Through the printing press, Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote about how women were
forced to shoulder the burden of domestic work and were confined to the four
walls of the house and kitchen.
(iii) He
also criticized the fact that women were not allowed to get education.
(iv) He
was against the practice of Sati and campaigned to stop it. He also pointed to
a reference to an ancient text that had no sanction for the practice of burning
widows.
(v) In the
beginning of the 19th century the British officials also started criticizing
the Indian traditions and customs. He offered to obey Ram Mohan and in 1829 the
practice of Sati was officially banned.
(vi) Thus,
Ram Mohan played an important role in ending the practice of Sati and uplifting
the women's society.
11. Why did the British pressurised the cultivation of indigo in
India? Explain the reasons for discontent of the farmers for the same. 1+3=4
Ans:- The British forced Indian farmers to
cultivate indigo because the demand for blue dye in Europe made indigo
cultivation more commercially profitable. Indigo cultivators encouraged farmers
to grow indigo instead of food crops. was forced to. inspired to do farming.
The
cultivation and production of indigo was a major industry in India during the
British colonial period. The British wanted to grow indigo plant in India for
many reasons.
(i) Demand
in Europe: Indigo was a highly valued product in Europe, where it was used
to dye textiles. Indigo was in high demand, and the British found an opportunity
to profit from the industry by growing indigo plantations in India, where the
climate was ideal for its cultivation.
(ii)
Competition with other European countries: The British faced competition from
other European colonialists who were also interested in indigo cultivation in
their colonies. The French, Dutch and Spanish were all competing for a share of
the indigo market, and the British were looking to India to gain a competitive
advantage.
(iii)
Cheap Labour: The British found India to be a source of cheap labour. They used
a system of indentured labour, which involved forcing farmers to grow indigo on
their land instead of crops that they could consume or sell. The farmers were
paid very little for their labor and heavily taxed by the British.
(iv)
Control over the Indian economy: By controlling the production of
indigo in India, the British were able to exercise greater control over the
Indian economy. They could set the selling prices of indigo, and used their
control over the industry to influence other sectors of the Indian economy.
(v)
Political and strategic reasons: The British also saw indigo
cultivation in India to strengthen their political and strategic position in
the region. By controlling the production of a valuable commodity, they could
exert greater influence over local rulers and gain a foothold in areas that
were rich in resources.
In
conclusion, the British wanted to grow indigo plant in India for economic,
political, and strategic reasons. This industry was profitable for the British
and helped them to exert greater control over the Indian economy and society.
12. Describe any four factors affecting the climate of India.
1×4=4
Ans:- The climate of India reflects its
geographical diversity, with most parts of the country experiencing a tropical
climate. The interior regions exhibit a mixture of humid and dry tropical
climates, while the northern parts exhibit a humid tropical climate.
The
climate of any place is affected by the following factors:
(i)
Distance from the equator.
(ii) Height
above sea level.
(iii)
Ocean currents.
(iv)
Direction of prevailing winds.
13. Explain any four causes for the declining of 'Indus Valley
Civilisation'. 1×4=4
Ans:- The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also
known as the Indus Civilization, was a Bronze Age civilization in the north
western regions of South Asia, which lasted from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE and
reached its mature form by 2600 BCE. I reached Lasted till 1900 BC.
Changes in
climate, decline in trade with the people of Mesopotamia, drying up or flooding
of the river, foreign invasions on the Indus civilization could be the reasons
for the decline of this civilization.
The
fertile land had been encroached upon by the neighbouring desert, making it
unsuitable for cultivation. This area would have been destroyed by the flood of
the Indus River. The invasion of the Aryans resulted in the extermination of
the original inhabitants. Earthquakes and other epidemics can be the reason for
the sudden end of civilization.
The Aryans
A nomadic, Indo-European tribe called the Aryans suddenly conquered the Indus
Valley Civilization.
Many
believe that the decline of the Harappan civilization was the result of Aryan
invasions from the north. This theory seems reasonable because the Aryans came
to power in the Ganges valley soon after the Indus collapse of the Indus Valley
Civilization.
14. How do the roads contribute in the social and economic growth
of a country? Explain any four reasons. 1×4=4
Ans:- Roads are the arteries through which the
economy runs. Roads are vital to any development agenda, linking producers to
markets, workers to jobs, students to schools and the sick to hospitals.
It
provides better connectivity between rural and urban areas and thereby leads to
the advancement of rural India. Better road connectivity is very important
while transporting goods from ports to their destinations to save time, fuel
and money and ultimately lead to economic growth.
Road
networks play an essential role in India's growth story. This accounts for more
than 3.6 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), or about two-thirds of
all transport-related contributions to India's GDP.
15. Define 'density of population'. Explain the physical factors
affecting the density of population. 1+3=4
Ans:- Population density can be defined as the
number of persons per unit area. Many factors like birth rate, death rate and
dispersal affect the population density. Death and emigration, when individuals
move out of a population, decrease population density, while birth and
emigration, when individuals move out of a population, increase population
density.
The number
of individuals living within that specific location determines the population
density, or number of individuals divided by the size of the area. Population
density can be used to describe the location, growth, and migration of many
organisms.
Physical
factors affecting population density include water supply, climate, relief
(land shape), vegetation, soil, and the availability of natural resources and
energy. Human factors affecting population density include social, political,
and economic factors.
Physical
factors affecting population distribution include altitude and latitude,
relief, climate, soil, vegetation, water, and the location of mineral and
energy resources.
16. Define 'Directive Principles of State Policy'. Explain its any
three characteristics. 1+3=4
Ans:- These state that the State shall endeavour to
promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as
possible a social order in which justice is built into all the institutions of
national life – social, economic, and political.
There are
several characteristics of the Directive Principles. they are:
(i) They
conflict with the fundamental rights.
(ii) They
are not justifiable in a court of law.
(iii) They
cannot be enforced by any legal process.
(iv) They
keep on changing from time to time.
(v) They
are not static and can be changed according to the needs of the people.
17. Describe any four features of 'Gram Panchayat'. 1×4=4
Ans:- The functions of the Gram Panchayat include:
Maintenance
and construction of water resources, roads, drainage, school buildings and CPR
(Common Property Resources). Levy and collection of local taxes. Implement
government schemes related to employment.
Functions
of Gram Sabha:
(i) It
elects the members of the Gram Panchayat.
(ii) The
Gram Sabha supervises the functions of the Gram Panchayat.
(iii) It
approves the annual budget of the Panchayat.
(iv) It
reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.
18. "The Chief Minister is the head of the government in the
state and he/she plays a very important role". Support the statement with
examples. 4
Ans:- The Council of Ministers, headed by the Chief
Minister, aids and advises the Governor in the performance of his functions,
except in so far as is required by or under the Constitution to exercise his
functions or any of them in his discretion.
Explanation:
"Chief
Minister is the head of the government in the state and he plays a very
important role". He takes all the important decisions with the help of the
council of ministers of other states. No rule can become law in that state
without his permission.
A Chief
Minister heads the Council of Ministers of the state government and a deputy
Chief minister may be appointed to that role. The chief minister usually
selects the chief secretary and may also allocate portfolios to his state
cabinet ministers and ministers of state.
19. Describe the executive powers of the President of India. 4
Ans:- The executive power of the Union is vested in
the President, and is exercised by him directly or through officers subordinate
to him in accordance with the Constitution. The Supreme Command of the Defense
Forces of the Union is also vested in him.
The
executive power of the President consists of 4 parts; Power of veto, binding
orders, written opinion to cabinet, adjournment of Congress and grant of
relief. The executive power of the President includes diplomacy which deals
with other countries based on negotiations and treaties.
The
executive powers of the President are as follows:
(i) The
power to appoint and remove high dignitaries of the state such as the
Attorney-General of India, the Auditor-General of India, the Chief Justice and
judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, etc.
(ii)
Administration of Union Territories and Border Territories.
20. "In the democratic countries, political parties are
considered as essential component for the formation and working of the
government". Support the statement. 4
Ans:- Parties play a decisive role in making laws
for the country. Parties form and run the government. Major policy decisions
are taken by the political officers of the ruling political party. Parties
recruit leaders to run the government of their choice, train them and then make
them ministers.
Political
parties help in the formation of public opinion. They contest elections. The
party which gets majority in the election forms the government. A party with a
minority membership becomes the opposition.
They stand
in democratically organized elections. He put forward various policies and
programs for the selection of voters. Since the members of the State and
Central Legislatures belong to certain parties, it can be said that the parties
play a decisive role in making laws.
21. Why is national integration essential for India? Explain. 4
Ans:- National integration helps in maintaining the
stability and development of the country. It nurtures communal harmony and
fights casteism, regionalism and linguistic differences. It instils a sense of
loyalty to the nation and aims at uniting the people.
National
unity is very important for any nation. It helps in bringing people closer and
promotes peace and harmony in the society. It is the basis of a peaceful
nation. The government should consider it its duty to ensure national integrity
to provide a safe environment to the citizens.
The Indian
population consists of various castes, religions, cultures, and language
groups. Thus, because of this cultural diversity, national integration becomes
the prime objective.
These
principles include democracy, fundamental rights and duties, unified judicial
system, standard national emblem, secularism etc.
22. "Socio-economic development is a process of improvement
in a variety of ways" support the statement with examples. 4
Ans:- Unemployment and low income are one of the
best examples to understand socio-economic development. If the unemployment
rate is high then people must work in those industries which pay less than
their ability.
It is the
process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social welfare
of its people. Thus, socio-economic development is a process of improvement in
various ways. It has an impact on all aspects of human life in a country.
Economic
development is programs, policies, or activities that seek to improve the
economic well-being and quality of life of a community. What "economic
growth" means to you will depend on the community in which you live. Each
community has its own opportunities, challenges, and priorities.
Social
development refers to improving the well-being of everyone in society so that
they can reach their full potential. The success of society is linked to the
well-being of each citizen. Social development means investing in people.
23. "Human made environment has been undergoing changes over
a period of time and space" support the statement. 4
Ans:- Explanation: Humans affect the physical
environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning of fossil fuels
and deforestation. Such changes have promoted climate change, soil erosion,
poor air quality and potable water.
Removal of
trees and plants, plowing of fields and overgrazing by livestock damage
sediment and soil stabilizing roots. These human activities can increase
erosion rates by 10 to 100 times compared to non-human geologic processes.
Grazing
animals eat grass and remove vegetation from the land. They uproot the plants
along with the roots. This loosens the soil and increases the risk of erosion.
Logging and mining activities also disturb the land and increase the risk of
soil erosion.
Soil
erosion occurs due to human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing,
construction, and mining.
Irrigation
in dry climates can lead to salt accumulation, a process called salinization.
Some crops can tolerate salt. The soil in this area is still too salty to grow
crops. Other activities that degrade the soil include contamination,
desertification, and erosion.
24. Describe the social and economic changes brought by the
Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. 4
Ans:- The Industrial Revolution shifted societies
from an agricultural economy to a manufacturing economy, where products were no
longer made solely by hand, but by machines. This increased production and
efficiency, brought down prices, made more goods available, improved wages, and
led to migration from rural to urban areas.
The First
Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s when innovation
led to machine building to produce goods in large quantities. It spread around
the world, and in the late 1800s the Second Industrial Revolution began in
America, leading to further advances in technology that increased efficiency.
Technological
changes, such as the use of iron and steel, new energy sources such as coal and
steam, and the factory system, led to a division of labor and specialization,
which increased efficiency.
The most
important inventions of the First Industrial Revolution include the steam
engine, the spinning jenny, the cotton gin, and the telegraph. This was
followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, which saw the advent of the
internal combustion engine, controlled electricity, and the lightbulb.
25. How did the First-World-War influence India? Explain. 5
Ans:- World War I in 1914 resulted in increased
taxes, military expenditure, and the deployment of Indians to fight in the war.
The war created a demand for Indian goods which helped revive Indian
industries.
The war
created a new political and economic situation. There was a huge increase in
defense expenditure, which was financed by war loans and increased taxes:
customs duties were raised and an income tax was introduced.
In
conclusion, the First World War had a significant impact on the Indian economy.
This led to an increase in demand for goods, an increase in prices, an increase
in industrial production, the recruitment of soldiers, an increase in taxes,
inflation, and a decrease in imports.
The impact
of the First World War on India was devastating. The war created new economic
and political tensions in the country. This led to a huge increase in defense
expenditure, which was financed by war loans and increased taxes: customs
duties were raised and an income tax was introduced.
26. Describe any five features of Indian agriculture. 5
Ans:- The character of Indian agriculture is mainly
intensive subsistence. This means that it is a labour-intensive type of
farming, practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. There are
three cropping seasons in India - Rabi, Kharif and Zaid.
(i) HYV
seeds and modern inputs are used to increase production.
(ii) More
than one crop is cultivated during a year.
(iii) It
is practiced in densely populated areas.
(iv) The
yield per hectare is very high.
Features
of Indian Agriculture
(i)
existing in character.
(ii) Heavy
pressure of population.
(iii)
Predominance of food grains.
(iv)
Diversity of crops.
(v) Most
of the reporting area is being used for agriculture.
27. Why is there a need of electoral reforms in India? Explain. 5
Ans:- Introduction to electoral reforms in India: -
It is
generally accepted that while the first three general elections were held in a free
and fair manner, standards began to decline during the fourth general election
in 1967. Many consider the electoral system in the country to be the bedrock of
political corruption. In the following sections, we will talk about the
challenges in this regard and some of the past efforts at electoral reform.
Issues of
Electoral Politics in India: -
There are
many issues affecting the electoral process in India. Some of the most
prominent of them are mentioned below.
(i) Money
Power: In every constituency, candidates must spend crores of rupees for
campaigning, publicity etc. Most of the candidates spend much more than the
permissible limit of expenditure.
(ii)
Muscle Power: There are widespread reports of illegal and untoward incidents
like violence, intimidation, booth capturing etc. during polling in some parts
of the country.
(iii)
Criminalization of politics and politicization of criminals: Criminals
enter politics and ensure that money and muscle power win them elections, so
that cases against them do not proceed. Political parties are also happy if
they have winnable candidates. Political parties field criminals for money and
in return provide them political protection and security.
(iv)
Misuse of government machinery: There is a general opinion that the
party in power uses government machinery like using government vehicles for
campaigning, advertising at the cost of the exchequer, paying ministers from
discretionary funds. and other such means to improve the chances of victory of
its candidates.
(v) Non-serious
independent candidates: Serious candidates’ field non-serious
candidates to cut off a major chunk of votes that would otherwise have gone to
rival candidates.
28. Identify and write in your answer-book the correct names of
international airports marked as A, B, C and D in the given political outline
map of India.4
29. In the given political outline map of India, locate and label
the following with appropriate symbols: 4
(i)
Lakshadweeps
(ii) Narmada
River
(iii) Area
above 200cm Rainfall
(iv)
Gir-National Park
Note: The following questions are for the
visually impaired candidates only in lieu of question No. 28 and 29. Answer to
each of these questions must not be in more than one sentence. 2×4=8
(A) Name
two wildlife sanctuaries of Assam.
Ans:- (i) Manas
National Park.
(ii)
Kaziranga National Park.
(B) Name
any two tea producing states of India.
Ans:- Assam,
West Bengal.
(C) Name
any two hills of Meghalaya.
Ans:- Khasi
Hills and Jaintia Hills.
(D) Name
any two major rivers of Peninsular India.
Ans:- (i) The
Narmada.
(ii) The
Tapi.
***
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