AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2021| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2021
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate
full marks for the questions.
1. Give very short answer: 1x12=12
(a) What is
induction improperly so called? 1
Ans:- Processes
stimulating induction.
(b) Is the conclusion
of scientific induction certain? 1
Ans:- The
conclusion of an inductive argument is likely to be true based on the evidence
given.
(c) What is
the basis of unscientific induction?
1
Ans. In
unscientific induction, a general true proposition is established on the basis
of uniform or indisputable experience alone, without attempting to discover any
causal relationship.
(d) “Plants
like men have birth, growth, decay, and death. Men possess intelligence,
therefore plants also possess intelligence”. – What type of analogical argument
is this? 1
Ans:- A
bad analogy is one in which conclusions are drawn from superficial points of
similarity. For example, plants are born, grow, decay, and die, just like
humans. Man has intelligence; hence plants also have intelligence.
(e) “The
course of the world is not a uniformity, but uniformities”. – Who said
this? 1
Ans:- Bain.
(f) Can there
be more than one cause of an effect? 1
Ans:- But
the multiplicity of reasons is unattainable from a scientific point of view.
The doctrine of the plurality of causes is incompatible with the definition of
a cause as an immutable antecedent. By this definition, the same cause can
produce the same effect.
(g) What is
working hypothesis? 1
Ans: Sometimes
it may be that there is some phenomenon to be explained but it is of such an
unfamiliar kind that we are not able to make any supposition at all as to its
cause or law of operation.
(h) Give one
example of a secondary quality. 1
Ans:- Taste.
(i) Name the
philosopher who said that esse est percipi?
1
Ans:- Berkeley.
(j) What is
called a voluntary action? 1
Ans: Voluntary
actions are actions performed by an agent deliberately and intentionally in
order to realize some foreseen ends.
(k) Give one
example of a non-moral action. 1
Ans:- Hurricanes.
(l) From
which Latin word the term “Religion” has been derived? 1
Ans:- Religio.
2. What is a good analogy? 2
Ans:- The strength of Analogy depends on the number
and the importance of the points of the difference and the number of the
unknown points. So, a God analogy means an argument in which a conclusion is
drawn from the presence of essential resemblance between two things.
3. Name the theory according to which Thought and Reality
are at bottom identical (Reality is rational). Who advocates the theory? 2
Ans:- In the preceding chapters of this study we
are particularly concerned with Hegel's theory of the nature of thought. We
have learned that, according to his theory, thought is co-extensive with
experience and consequently with reality itself: there is no opposition to it.
4.
Define inductive leap. 2
Ans:- According to Mill, induction is
a process “from the known to the unknown”. Bain calls this the “inductive
leap”. So, inductive leap consists in passing from the observed cases to the
unobserved cases. But this passage from the observed to the unobserved involves
some risk. For Mill and Bain, “Inductive leap” is the very essence of
Induction. If there is no “Inductive leap”, the process cannot be called
Induction all.
5.
What is the meaning of the law of the conservation of matter and energy? 2
Ans:- In physics and chemistry, the
law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system is
constant and is said to be conserved over time.
Or
What
is the intellectual condition of observation? 2
Ans:- The intellectual state of
observation is a method of observation where we observe intellectually.
6.
Why the conclusion of analogical argument is possible? 2
Ans:- Analogical arguments are those
inductions where a conclusion is derived from a comparison of similarities
between two or more cases. As to induction, Analogical arguments can only give
possible conclusions, not certain ones.
7.
State Mill’s cannon of the Method of Agreement. 2
Ans:- Mill's canon for the method of
agreement is that "if two or more instances of the event under
investigation occur in only one circumstance, then the circumstance in which
all instances alone agree, the cause (or effect) of the given event is."
8. Name the experimental method which
determines the quantitative relation between cause and effect. 2
Ans:- Method of Concomitant variation.
9. Can an action of an insane person
be called a moral action? Give one reason in support of your views. 1+1
Ans:- No, because they don’t have the sense of moral quality to
justify right and wrong.
10. What is the meaning of
‘intention’? 2
Ans: The idea or idea of the object which stimulates the state of
desire for its attainment is called motive.
Motive is
the efficient cause of action, whereas intention is the ultimate cause of
action. JS mentioned above Mill is not right Both motive and intention are the
ultimate cause of action.
11. What are the ultimate values of
human life? Name the ideal or the value with which ethics is concerned. 1+1
Ans:- Truth, beauty and moral ideal,
ethics is concerned with moral ideals.
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