AHSEC| CLASS 11| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2023| H.S.1ST YEAR
2023
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: 3 hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions’
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x12=12
(a) Logic is a positive/ normative science. (Choose the correct answer)
(b) The sign of relation between the subject and the predicate terms is known as the copula. (Fill in the blank)
(c) State one advantage of the use of symbols in Logic.
Ans:- One advantage of symbolic logic over its less developed classical logic is that it has a more complete symbolic apparatus that enables it to show the logical form of arguments than Aristotelian logic.
(d) ‘O’ proposition distributes subject term/ predicate term. (Choose the correct answer)
(e) What is the positions of middle term in the Second figure of a syllogism?
Ans:- Figure, in logic, classification of syllogisms according to the arrangement of the middle term, that is, the term (subject or predicate of a proposition) that occurs in both premises but not in the conclusion. There are four figures:
The four figures in logic represent the classification of syllogisms according to the arrangement of the middle term, the term (subject or predicate of a proposition) that occurs in both premises but not in the conclusion.
In the first diagram, the middle term is the subject of the major base and the predicate of the minor base; The middle term in the second picture is the predicate of both premises; The middle term in the third picture is the subject of both premises; In the fourth picture, the middle term is the predicate of the major base and the subject of the minor base. All standard lexical items can be described by specifying their shape and mood.
(f) ‘Not’ () is a logical constant/ propositional variable. (Choose the correct answer)
(g) DARII is a valid mood of First/ Second/ Third figure. (Choose the correct answer)
(h) Under what condition, a conjunctive function becomes true?
Ans:- The conjunction of two statements is true only if both statements are true.
(i) How many Vedic systems are there in Indian philosophy?
Ans:- These are known as Vaisheshika, Nyaya, Sankhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta or Uttara Mimamsa. It is said that these six systems of philosophy were founded by the sages Konad, Gautam, Kapil, Patanjali, Jaimini and Vyas respectively. These philosophies still guide scholarly discourse in the country.
(j) “Mind at birth is a clean slate or tabula rasa.” Who said this statement?
Ans:- John Locke.
(k) How many Pramanas are accepted by Indian philosophy?
Ans:- Hinduism recognizes six pramanas as the true means of accurate knowledge and truth: Pratyaksha (evidence/perception), Anuma (inference), Upamana (comparison and analogy), Arthapatti (perception, derivation from circumstances), Anupalapadhya (non- Perception, negative/cognitive evidence) and words (words, testimony of credible experts past or present).
(l) According to Idealism, the object of knowledge has its existence independent of mind. Is the statement true?
Ans:- True
2. What is material truth? Give example. 1+1=2
Ans:- Material truth concerns whether the conclusion of an argument is true or not, at least to the extent that truth can be determined. If the premises are true and the argument is formally valid then the conclusion will be materially true.
3. Define negative proposition with example. 1+1=2
Ans:- Negativity of propositions: If we do not want to leave the distinction between positive and negative propositions as largely arbitrary – which most of us would intuitively be reluctant to do – then we have to clarify what it really is. . , which constitutes negation because it is a negative proposition, it cannot be read from the grammar of the proposition alone. To decide what it really is – that is, whether it should count as a negative or positive proposition – there is no alternative but to carry out analytical work from sentence to sentence, from concept to concept.
4. Define singular proposition. Write an example of singular proposition. 1+1=2
Ans:- A singular proposition is directly about a person while a specific proposition is indirectly about a person based on the object that satisfies the condition that is a component of the proposition – in our cases, The words 'x uniquely invented bifocals' and 'x is the longest spy'.
5. State two characteristics of Deductive Inference. 2
Ans:- Deductive inference has two characteristics:-
(i) Validity: A deductive argument is considered valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises. In other words, if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
(ii) Certainty: Deductive inference allows a high degree of certainty in conclusions.
6. What is immediate inference? Mention any one kind immediate inference. 1+1=2
Ans:- An immediate inference is an inference that can be drawn only from a statement or proposition. For example, from the statement "All toads are green", one can immediately infer that "No toads are green" or "No toads are green" (reverse).
7. Write any two general rules of pure categorical syllogism. 2
Ans:- There are two general rules of pure categorical syllogism:-
(i) A sentence should have only three words, namely: major word, minor word and middle word.
(ii) Major and minor terms should be universal in the conclusion only if they are universal in the premises.
8. Write two valid moods of Third figure. 2
Ans:- Distributing these 11 moods among the 4 digits according to special rules, we have the following 24 valid moods: First digit: AAA, EAE, AII, EIO, (AAI), (EAO). Second figure: AEE, EAE, AOO, EIO, (AEO), (EAO). Third figure: AAI, EAO, AII, EIO, IAI, OAO.
9. State any two characteristics of symbolic logic as laid down by C. I. Lewis. 2
Ans:- According to the analysis of Clarence Irving Lewis, symbolic logic has two characteristics:-
(i) Use of symbols to represent concepts rather than using words for the same purpose
(ii) Use of deductive method
10. Symbolize the following propositions: 1+1=2
(a) The weather is bright and sunny.
(b) If it rains, then the crops will grow.
11. What is innate idea? Give an example of innate idea. 1+1=2
Ans:- Innate thought, in philosophy, is an idea purportedly innate in the human mind, as opposed to ideas derived or compiled from experience. The idea of God, the idea of the (limited) mind, and the idea of the (indefinite) body.
12. State any two points of difference between Philosophy and Science. 2
Ans:- There are two differences between philosophy and science:-
(i) Science deals with empirical knowledge, whereas philosophy deals with a priori knowledge.
(ii) It means that science is about knowledge gained through experience, experimentation and inquiry rather than theory, but on the other hand philosophy deals with knowledge which is not learned through experience or experiments. For example, if you see a cat, you will know that the cat is an animal, so you will also know and conclude that every cat is an animal.
13. Mention any two characteristics of idealism. 2
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