AHSEC| CLASS 11| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2017| H.S.1ST YEAR
2017
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: 3 hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions’
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x12=12
(a) “Logic is a normative science.” Is the statement correct?
Ans:- Correct.
(b) Find out the correct answer:
Logic is a science/ an art/ both.
(c) Fill up the blanks:
The sign of relation between subject term and predicate term is known as Proposition.
(d) State one important point of difference between sentence and proposition.
Ans:- Here are some differences between a sentence and a proposition:-
(i) Sentence: A sentence is a grammatical structure that expresses a complete thought. It can be used to convey meaning, but it's not inherently meaningful.
(ii) Proposition: A proposition is a unit of thought that can be expressed through a sentence. It's an abstract meaning or information content that can be true or false. Propositions are the things that are either true or false.
(e) How many valid moods are there in the third figure of a syllogism?
Ans:- The third figure of a syllogism has six valid moods:- AAI, EAO, AII, EIO, IAI, OAO.
(f) How is the figure of a syllogism determined?
Ans:- The figure of a syllogism is determined by the position of the middle term. The middle term is a word or term that appears in both premises but not in the conclusion.
(g) What is the name of the predicate of the conclusion of a syllogism?
Ans:- The predicate of the conclusion of a syllogism is called the major term.
(h) Under what condition, a disjunctive function becomes false?
Ans:- A disjunction is false if both of its parts are false. A disjunction is true if at least one of its parts is true.
For example, the disjunction "p or q" is denoted "p∨q". This disjunction is only false when both p and q are false.
(i) Which of the following philosophers is an empiricist?
Descartes; Leibniz; Spinoza; Hume.
Ans:- Hume.
(j) Who regarded mind as ‘a clean slate’?
Ans:- John Locke said this.
(k) How many Pramanas are accepted in the Nyaya system?
Ans:- There are six Pramanas recognized by Indian philosophy, viz:-
(i) Pratyaksa or Perception,
(ii) Anumana or Inference,
(iii) Sabda or Verbal testimony,
(iv) Upamana or comparison,
(v) Arthapatti or postuation and
(vi) Anupalabdhi or non-perception.
(l) Who refuted the theory of innate ideas?
Ans:- John Locke.
2. State two utilities of using symbols in logic. 2
Ans:- Here are two utilities of using symbols in logic:-
(i) To express the generality of the rules of logic. Symbols can be used to represent any statement, regardless of its specific content. This allows us to express the rules of logic in a general way that can be applied to any argument.
(ii) To provide brevity and economy of expression to complex statements. Symbols can be used to represent complex statements in a more concise and efficient manner. This can make it easier to understand and analyze the arguments.
3. Define universal proposition with suitable example. 2
Ans:- A universal proposition is a statement that claims something about all members of a category. It is a type of categorical proposition, which is a statement that relates two sets. The two sets are called subject and predicate, with the subject being the main set and the predicate being the second set.
Here are some examples of universal propositions:-
(i) All human beings are mortal.
(ii) No man forgets his destiny.
4. Define figure. 2
Ans:- Figure is a classification of syllogisms based on the arrangement of the middle term. A middle term is the term that appears in both premises but not in the conclusion. A syllogism is a deductive argument that contains two premises and a conclusion. The figure of a syllogism is determined by the position of the middle term in the premises.
5. Name two valid moods of the fourth figure. 2
Ans:- Two valid moods of the fourth figure are:-
(i) Fesapo: This mood has the form AAO-4. The major premise is universal affirmative, the minor premise is universal negative, and the conclusion is particular negative. For example, "All men are mortal. No gods are mortal. Therefore, some gods are not men."
(ii) Fresison: This mood has the form EAO-4. The major premise is particular affirmative, the minor premise is universal negative, and the conclusion is particular negative. For example, "Some men are mortal. No gods are mortal. Therefore, some gods are not men."
6. Reduce any one of the following sentences into proper logical form and state the distributed term or terms in that proposition: 2x2=4
(a) Most students are not hardworking.
Ans:- Most students are not hardworking..
Some students that which are not hard working.
The term 'Hardworking' is proposition.
(b) Every man is mortal.
Ans:- Every man is mortal.
All men that are mortal.
7. Give example of BARBARA.
Ans:- All men ar mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Socrates is mortal.
8. State two characteristics of deductive inference. 2
Ans:- Deductive inference has two characteristics:-
(i) Validity: A deductive argument is considered valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises. In other words, if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
(ii) Certainty: Deductive inference allows a high degree of certainty in conclusions. If the premises are true and the argument is valid, the conclusion is considered certain or logically necessary. However, the certainty of a deductive argument depends on the truth of the premises, which may not always be certain in real-world situations.
9. Define mediate inference. 2
Ans:- Mediated inference is a type of deductive reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two or more premises. Premises are statements that are assumed to be true, and the conclusion is a statement that follows logically from the premises.
Or
Give example of syllogism. 2
Ans:- Here is an example of a syllogism:-
(i) Major premise: All human beings are mortal.
(ii) Minor premise: Socrates is a human being.
(iii) Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
This syllogism is valid because the conclusion follows logically from the premises. In other words, if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
10. State one point of difference between first figure and second figure of syllogism. 2
Ans:- The main difference between the first and second stanzas of the syllogism is the position of the middle term. In the first picture, the middle term is the subject of the major base and the predicate of the minor base. In the second picture, the middle term is the predicate of both premises.
11. “One of the characteristics of Indian philosophy is practical necessity”. State one reason in support of the statement. 2
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