IGNOU| ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS (ECO - 07)| SOLVED PAPER – (DEC - 2023)| (BDP)| ENGLISH MEDIUM
BACHELOR’S DEGREE PROGRAMME (BDP)
Term-End Examination
December - 2023
Elective Course: Commerce
ECO–07
ELEMENTS OF STATISTICS
Time: 2 Hours
Maximum Marks: 50
Weightage: 70%
Note: Answer any five questions. All questions
carry equal marks. Simple calculator is allowed.
हिंदी माध्यम: यहां क्लिक करें
1. What is Statistical Survey? Explain different steps in statistical survey. 10
Ans:- A statistical survey is a systematic process
of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data from a sample or population to
gain insight and make informed decisions. It involves various steps to ensure
the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Here are
the various steps in conducting a statistical survey:-
(i)
Planning the survey:-
(a)
Defining the objectives and scope of the survey
(b)
Identifying the target population and sampling frame
(c)
Determining the appropriate sampling method (for example, simple random
sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling)
(d)
estimating the required sample size
(ii)
Designing survey equipment:-
(a)
Developing survey questions and response options
(b)
arranging questions in a logical flow
(c)
Pre-testing the survey instrument to ensure clarity and validity
(iii) Data
collection:-
(a)
Selection and training of data collectors (for example, interviewers,
enumerators)
(b)
Implementing the data collection process (for example, face-to-face interviews,
telephone surveys, online surveys)
(c) To
monitor and supervise the data collection process to ensure quality
(iv) Data
Processing:-
(a) Coding
and entering the collected data into a database
(b)
Clearing and editing data to identify and correct errors or discrepancies
(c)
imputing missing values using appropriate techniques
(v) Data
Analysis:-
(a)
Applying appropriate statistical techniques to analyze data (e.g., descriptive
statistics, inferential statistics, regression analysis)
(b)
Interpreting the results and drawing conclusions based on the analysis
(vi)
Dissemination and reporting:-
(a)
Preparing reports and presentations to communicate survey findings
(b)
Disseminating results to relevant stakeholders (for example, policy makers,
researchers, the public)
(c)
storing survey data for future reference and possible secondary analysis
The
success of a statistical survey depends on careful planning, execution and
analysis of each step. It is important to follow statistical principles and
best practices during the survey process to ensure the validity and reliability
of the results.
2. Explain the following: 5+5
(i)
Features of a good questionnaire
Ans:- A good
questionnaire exhibits the following characteristics required for effective
data collection:-
(i) Clear
and concise: Questions should be straightforward and easy to understand to
obtain accurate answers.
(ii)
Relevance: Questions should be relevant to the research objectives to gather
meaningful data.
(iii)
Fair: Questions should be neutral and free from leading language to
avoid influencing the responses.
(iv)
Structured: A well-organized questionnaire with logical flow ensures coherence
and ease of completion.
(v)
Variety of questions: Including a mix of open-ended and
closed-ended questions provides depth and flexibility in responses.
(vi) Pilot
testing: Pre-testing of the questionnaire helps to identify and rectify
any issues before full-scale implementation.
By
incorporating these features, a questionnaire can obtain reliable and valuable
data for research purposes.
(ii)
Properties of Arithmetic Mean
Ans:- The
arithmetic mean, also known as the average, has several properties that make it
a valuable measure of central tendency:-
(i)
Equilibrium point: The sum of the deviations of observations
from the arithmetic mean is always zero, indicating a point of equilibrium
where positive and negative deviations cancel out.
(ii) Least
sum of squares of deviations: The sum of squares of deviations from the
arithmetic mean of the items is minimum as compared to the deviations from any
other value.
(iii)
Consistency with scale change: If each observation in a series is
increased or decreased by a constant, the arithmetic mean of the new series is
adjusted by the same constant.
(iv)
Consistency with multiplication/division: Similarly, if each observation is
multiplied or divided by a constant, the arithmetic mean of the new series is
also multiplied or divided by that constant.
(v)
Weighted average: The mean of multiple data sets can be
calculated as a weighted average depending on the sample size.
(vi)
Calculation Flexibility: If any two values of the arithmetic mean,
number of items or total values are known, the third value can be calculated.
These
properties highlight the versatility and importance of the arithmetic mean in
various fields including mathematics, statistics, economics, and others.
3. Find Arithmetic Mean of the following data: 10
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