AHSEC CLASS 11 LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY SOLVED PAPER - 2024| H.S. 1ST YEAR
2024
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
The figures in the margin indicate
full marks for the questions
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x12=12
(a) Logic is
an art/ a science/ both science and art. (Choose
the correct answer)
(b) The
copula of a proposition is in the past/ present/
future tense. (Choose the correct answer)
(c) There is
no distribution of term in particular
affirmative proposition. (Fill in the blank)
(d) Either
Radhakrishnan is a philosopher or a politician. It is an example of disjunctive proposition/ conjunctive proposition. (Choose
the correct answer)
(e) In
immediate inference, the conclusion is deduced from one/
two/ three premise(s). (Choose the correct answer)
(f) The
predicate of the conclusion of a syllogism is called major
term/ minor term/ middle term. (Choose the correct answer)
(g) Mention
any one valid mood of second figure.
Ans:- The
second figure has a valid mood EAE.
(h) What will
be the truth-value of pvq, if both p and q are false?
Ans:- If
both p and q are false, then the truth value of p v q is false.
(i) What is
the derivative meaning of the word ‘epistemology’?
Ans:- The
term 'epistemology' is derived from the Greek words 'episteme' meaning
'knowledge' and 'logos' meaning 'study'. Hence epistemology is the study of
knowledge.
(j) Who is
the founder of Samkhya Philosophy?
Ans:- The
founder of Samkhya philosophy is Sage Kapil.
(k) State any
one point of difference between Rationalism and Empiricism.
Ans:- An
important difference between rationalism and empiricism is that rationalists
believe that knowledge can be acquired only through reasoning, while
empiricists believe that knowledge is acquired from sensory experience.
(l) How many
Pramanas are accepted in Nyaya Philosophy?
Ans:-
Nyaya philosophy accepts four pramanas or valid means of knowledge - Pratyaksha
(perception), Anumaana (inference), Upamana (comparison) and Shabda
(testimony).
2. Write the name of two logicians who have contributed
in the development of modern logic. 2
Ans:- Two logicians who contributed significantly to the
development of modern logic are:-
(i) Gottlob
Frege: Frege is considered the father of modern symbolic logic. He
developed a comprehensive system of predicate logic that laid the foundation
for much of 20th century mathematical logic.
(ii) Bertrand
Russell: Russell, along with Alfred North Whitehead, developed the monumental
work "Principia Mathematica" which aimed to ground all of mathematics
in a formal logical system. Russell's work was instrumental in the rise of
analytical philosophy and mathematical logic.
3. State two advantages of the use of symbols in logic. 2
Ans:- There are two major advantages of using symbols in
logic:-
(i) Precision
and clarity: Symbolic logic uses a formal, unambiguous language of symbols
to represent logical concepts and relationships. This allows for more precise
and rigorous analysis than natural language.
(ii)
Automation and Computation: Symbolic representation of logic enables the
development of computational algorithms and automated reasoning systems, which
have greatly expanded the power and applications of logic.
4. Classify proposition according to quality. 2
Ans:- Propositions can be classified into two types based
on quality:-
(i) Positive
Propositions: These are propositions that affirm the relation between
subject and predicate, such as “All humans are mortal.”
(ii) Negative
Propositions: These are propositions that deny the relation between subject
and predicate, such as “No humans are immortal.”
5. Define class membership proposition with example.
1+1=2
Ans:- Class membership proposition is a statement
that asserts that a particular person or thing is a member of a given class or
category. For example, the proposition “Socrates is a human” asserts that the
person Socrates is a member of the class of humans.
6. Convert the following propositions: 2
(a) All
philosophers are wise.
Ans:- The
transformation of this proposition is:
Universal
affirmative (A-type): "All philosophers are wise."
(b) Some
scientists are poets.
Ans:- The
transformation of this proposition is:
Particular
affirmative (I-type): "Some scientists are poets."
7. Define middle term with example. 1+1=2
Ans:- The middle term in a syllogism is the term that
appears in both the major and minor premises, but not in the conclusion. It
serves as the link between the other two terms, from which the conclusion can
be drawn.
Examples:
(i) Major
premise: All humans are mortal.
(ii) Minor
premise: Socrates is a human.
(iii)
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.
In this
example, the middle term is "human."
8. Give an example of fallacy of four terms. 2
Ans:- The fallacy of four terms occurs when a
syllogism contains four distinct terms instead of the required three. This
violates the rule of syllogism, which says that a valid syllogism must contain
three and only three terms.
Examples:
(i) Major
premise: All dogs are animals.
(ii) Minor
premise: All cats are animals.
(iii)
Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs are cats.
In this
example, the four terms are "dogs", "animals",
"cats", and "dogs".
9. State two points of difference between logical
constant and variables. 2
Ans:- Logical constants are symbols that have a fixed
meaning and do not change, such as logical connectives (e.g., "and",
"or", "not") and quantifiers (e.g., "all",
"some"). On the other hand, logical variables are symbols that can
represent different values or objects within a logical system.
Two main
differences between logical constants and variables:-
(i) Meaning:
Logical constants have a fixed, predefined meaning, while variables can
represent different values or objects.
(ii)
Substitution: Logical constants cannot be substituted, while variables can
be replaced with different values or objects.
10. Define conjunctive function with example. 1+1=2
Ans:- Conjunctive functions are a logical operation
that combines two or more propositions using the "and" (conjunction)
connective. The result of the conjunctive function is true only if all the
input propositions are true.
Some examples
of conjunctive functions:-
(i)
Conjunction of two statements: Suppose p: "Circles are curves"
and q: "Rhombuses are squares".
The conjunction p
∧
q is the statement "Circles are curves and rhombuses are squares".
This combined statement is true only if both p and q are individually true.
(ii)
Logical AND gate in digital electronics: An AND gate outputs 1 (true) if
and only if all its inputs are 1 (true). Otherwise, it outputs 0 (false).
11. Write the name of two empiricist philosophers. 2
Ans:- The two major empiricist philosophers are:
(i) John Locke
(ii) David
Hume
12. Define Purvavat Anumana with example. 1+1=2
Ans:- Purvavat anumana refers to a type of inference
where we infer an unobserved effect from a perceived cause. It is a form of
causal reasoning that leads from cause to effect.
Example:-
Inferring that
it will rain in the future from the presence of dark, dense clouds in the sky
is an example of Purvavat anumana. In this case, the perceived cause is the
presence of dark clouds, and the unobserved effect is the future rain that will
result from those clouds.
Other
examples of retroactive inference include:-
(i) Inferring
the flowering of plants from the growth of clouds (effect from cause)
(ii) Inferring
the fruiting of plants from the presence of seeds (effect from cause)
13. What is realism? 2
Ans:- Realism is a philosophical viewpoint that holds
that the external world exists independently of our perception or knowledge.
Realists believe that objects, entities, and events in the world have an
objective, mind-independent existence, and that our knowledge and understanding
of the world can accurately represent this reality.
Realism is in
contrast to idealist or constructivist views that see the world primarily as a
product of our minds or social constructions.
14. What is symbolic logic? State two points of difference
between traditional logic and symbolic logic. 2+2=4
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