AHSEC| CLASS 12| ANTHROPOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2024| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2024
ANTHROPOLOGY
(Theory)
Full Marks: 70
Pass Marks: 21
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate
full marks full the questions.
1. Answer the following questions briefly: (any five) 1x5=5
(i) What is
called eugenics?
Ans:-
Eugenics is the study of how to arrange breeding within human populations so as
to increase the occurrence of hereditary traits considered desirable.
Historically, it has involved discrimination against people with disabilities
or genetic conditions.
(ii) What is
the meaning of the word ‘chromosome’?
Ans:- The
term 'chromosome' comes from the Greek words 'chroma' meaning colour and 'soma'
meaning body. It refers to the thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins
found in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information.
(iii) Provide
the formula used for the estimation of facial index.
Ans:- The
formula for facial index is:-
Facial
index = morphological facial height × 100 / biparietal diameter
Morphological
facial height is measured from the nasion to the gnathion, while biparietal
diameter is the distance between the most lateral points on the zygomatic
arches.
(iv) In which
prehistoric cultural stage do we find evidence of cave art?
Ans:- Evidence
of cave art is found in the Upper Paleolithic cultural phase, which dates to
about 50,000 to 10,000 years ago. Some of the most famous examples of cave art
come from sites in France and Spain, such as the Lascaux and Altamira caves.
(v) What was
the tool making technique of Solutrean culture?
Ans:- The
Solutrean culture, which existed in parts of western Europe during the Upper
Paleolithic period, is known for its distinctive stone tool-making technology.
They made finely worked, bifacial flaked stone tools, including laurel leaf
points and shoulder points.
(vi) Name one
pastoral tribe of North-East India.
Ans:- The
Brokpa are a pastoral tribe found in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in north-east
India. They are semi-nomadic herders of yaks and sheep.
(vii) What is
the name of the bachelor’s dormitory found among the Garos?
Ans:- Among
the Garo people of Meghalaya in north-eastern India, the bachelor's hostel is
called nokpante. It serves as a place for unmarried men to sleep and socialize.
(viii) Who
first coined the term ‘ecology’?
Ans:- The
term 'ecology' was first coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866. He
defined it as "the comprehensive science of the relations of the organism
to its environment."
2. Choose the correct answer: (any three) 1x3=3
(a) The
tribes of Assam are predominantly Caucasoid/ Mongoloid/
Negroid.
(b) End
scraper is a core tool/ flake tool.
(c) The
seasonal migrations of people with their livestock is known as transhumance/ shifting cultivation.
(d) The term
‘ecosystem’ was coined by V. Gordon Child/ A. G.
Tansley.
(e) The
Scandinavians are typical representative of Nordic/
Ainu.
3. Answer the following questions in short: (any ten)
2x10=20
(i) What are
the two main types of human cell?
Ans:- The
two main types of human cells are somatic cells and gametes. Somatic cells form
most of the tissues and organs of the body, while gametes are the reproductive
cells (sperm and ova).
(ii) Define
mitosis.
Ans:-
Mitosis is the process of cell division where a single cell divides to produce
two genetically identical daughter cells, which maintain the same number of chromosomes
as the parent cell. It involves several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase.
(iii) What do
you understand by genotype? Give example.
Ans:-
Genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an individual, representing the
specific alleles present at a given locus. For example, a person with two
alleles for brown eyes (BB or Bb) has a genotype that determines the color of
their eyes.
(iv) What are
the main purposes of positive and negative eugenics?
Ans:- The
main aim of positive eugenics is to encourage reproduction among individuals
with desirable traits, while the aim of negative eugenics is to reduce reproduction
among individuals with undesirable traits, often through sterilization or other
means.
(v) Define
race.
Ans:-
Race is a social construct that classifies humans based on physical
characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair type, as well as
cultural and historical factors.
(vi) What are
the main racial criteria used for racial classifications?
Ans:- The
main racial criteria used for racial classification include physical
characteristics (such as skin colour and hair type), geographic origin, and
cultural or ethnic background.
(vii) Write
what you know about unifacial and bifacial side scraper.
Ans:- Unifacial
side scrapers are tools with a working edge on one side and a flat back,
typically used for scraping hides or wood. Bifacial side scrapers have working
edges on both sides, allowing for more versatile use in shaping and cutting
materials.
(viii) What
is meant by a tool? Distinguish between core tool and flake tool.
Ans:- A
tool is an object used to perform a specific task or function. Core tools are
made by separating flakes from a larger stone (the core), while flake tools are
made from the flakes themselves, which are sharp and can be used for cutting or
scraping.
(ix) What do you
mean by horticulture? Give example.
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