AHSEC| CLASS 12| EDUCATION| LEARNING
UNIT – 4
LEARNING
SYLLABUS:
(a) Meaning,
Nature and Characteristics
(b) learning and
maturation
(c) learning
factors
(d) Methods of
Learning:
(i) Trial and
error
(ii) Learning
by conditioning
(iii)
practical education
(e) Major laws of
learning and their educational significance
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Learning is the
modification of responses or behavior through experience. Psychologists have
given various definitions of learning. Learning has certain characteristics.
The three major methods of learning are the trial-and-error method of learning.
method of applied learning and method of learning by conditioning. The trial-and-error
method of learning is based on the theory of rationalism propounded by EL
Thorndike. According to him, learning is the result of a relationship between
stimulus and response. Thorndike's experiment on trial-and-error learning with
cat trial error learning has some features. This method has some didactic
value. The practical method of learning is based on the Gestalt principle.
Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka were the exponents of this theory. Gestalt is a
German word meaning 'hole' or 'total pattern'. Köhler did a series of
experiments with chimpanzees to prove insightful learning. Practical education
has some characteristics and educational importance. Iran Pavoli was the
exponent of the conditioning theory of learning. He conducted an experiment on
a hungry dog to prove learning by conditioning. It also has some features and
educational importance. Thorndike formulated three major laws of learning
namely the law of readiness, the law of effect and the law of exercise. The Law
of Preparation emphasizes the importance of preparation for learning. This law
of learning can be applied in a classroom situation. From the law of effect, we
can know that learning depends on the outcome. This rule can be used in a
classroom situation. The law of exercise implies that learning is possible
through exercise. There are two parts to this law, the law of use and the law
of discussion. This law has some educational significance. It can also be used
in a classroom situation.
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